Autor v esejisticky laděném příspěvku ohledává, jak se v reformním hnutí „pražského jara“ 1968 promítly některé obecnější trendy moderního historického vývoje. Všímá si rozdílů v představách o socialismu mezi československými reformátory a v západní levicové veřejnosti, podmíněných především odlišnou historickou zkušeností. Porovnává váhu ideologického a technokratického způsobu myšlení v tehdejším reformním procesu, zvažuje podíl nacionálního momentu, efekt probuzeného veřejného mínění a participaci nekomunistických občanů. Podle Loewensteina s potlačením „pražského jara“ socialismus jako historický projekt zřejmě propásl poslední šanci odpoutat se ze svého policejně-byrokratického ztělesnění a proměnit se v atraktivní alternativu moderny. and In this essay the author examines how some general trends in modern history were projected into the reform movement of the ‘Prague Spring’ of 1968. He considers differences in the ideas about Socialism held by the Czechoslovak reformers on the one hand and the left-leaning members of the public in the West on the other, differences conditioned chiefly by different historical experiences. He compares the importance of the ideological and the technocratic ways of thinking in the reform process, and considers the share of the nationalist factor, the effect of emerging public opinion, and the participation of non-Communist members of the public in the process. With the suppression of the ‘Prague Spring’, he argues, Socialism as an historical project probably missed its last chance to free itself from its policebureaucratic incarnation and to become an attractive modern alternative.
In Cobitis taenia and, with lower intensity, also in C. elongatoides and C. melanoleuca, females bear visible spawning marks on the body sides after spawning events. These marks intensify during the spawning season but disappear a few weeks after the last spawning event. The precise origin of the spawning marks is not clear, but they seem to be produced by the male during embracement of the female. Spawning marks were not observed after spawning events of C. bilineata, C. fahirae, C. rara, C. paludica, C. strumicae and C. turcica. An example dataset from Haaren creek in northwestern Germany is given to demonstrate that these marks can be used as a tool to precisely estimate the start of reproductive season for Cobitis populations, separately even for different size classes.
The spawning migration from Moravka reservoir to the Moravka river tributary of brown trout in autumn (October – November) lasted 22, 24, and 27 days respectively in the seasons 2002–2004. In 2002, 187 fish were trapped, while the number of trapped spawners increased to 447 in 2003 and 2230 in 2004. Spawning males were significantly longer than females (PoC in the reservoir. The peak of spawning, in all three seasons, took place between 28 October and 3 November, and the river water temperature varied from 6 to 8oC. The spawning in 2002 was more nocturnal (between 8:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.) than diurnal (P<0.01) and the diel activity showed the multimodal distribution. There were no large or significant differences between the diurnal and nocturnal migrations in 2003 and 2004. Single environmental variables and their interaction were significantly related to the spawning migration only in 2003 and 2004 (P<0.001).
In three consecutive years (1998 to 2000), 20 adult grayling Thymallus thymallus (L.) (FL ± SD: 326 ± 43 mm) were radio-tracked during circum reproduction period (February to May) in the River Aisne, Belgium. Before the spawning period, grayling remained consistently in the pool-riffle sequence in which they had been captured. Pre-spawning migration time extended from 7 to 29 March. Distances travelled during the spawning migration ranged from 70 to 4980 m (mean ± S.E.: 1234 ± 328 m). Spawning migrations started under conditions of decreasing water level and increasing water temperature in a thermal range (daily mean T°) from 5 to 8 °C. Spawners remained from 1 to 31 days (mean ± S.D.: 10.4 ± 9.8 days) at the spawning grounds and performed a post-spawning homing from 28 March to 18 April in decreasing water flow and in a thermal range (daily mean T°) from 7 to 11 °C. This study demonstrates that migration patterns of grayling are similar between years, but with a timing adjusted as a response to annual variations of the hydroclimatic conditions.
1_Prey preferences and feeding-related behaviour of a Central European species of Scydmaeninae, Euconnus pubicollis, were studied under laboratory conditions. Results of prey choice experiments involving 50 species of mites belonging to 24 families of Oribatida and one family of Uropodina demonstrated that beetles feed mostly on ptyctimous Phthiracaridae (over 90% of prey) and only occasionally on Achipteriidae, Chamobatidae, Steganacaridae, Oribatellidae, Ceratozetidae, Euphthiracaridae and Galumnidae. The average number of mites consumed per beetle per day was 0.27 ± 0.07, and the entire feeding process took 2.15–33.7 h and showed a clear linear relationship with prey body length. Observations revealed a previously unknown mechanism for capturing prey in Scydmaeninae in which a droplet of liquid that exudes from the mouth onto the dorsal surface of the predator’s mouthparts adheres to the mite’s cuticle. Morphological adaptations associated with this strategy include the flattened distal parts of the maxillae, whereas the mandibles play a minor role in capturing prey. Mechanisms for overcoming the prey’s defences depended on the body form of the mite. When attacking oribatids that adopt the ptychoid defence (encapsulation) Euconnus opened the prodorsum and pressed the anal and genital plates deeply into the idiosoma, whereas it fed on all other mites by entering their bodies through small gnathosomal or/and genital openings, after breaking off mouthparts or/and genital plates., 2_The preferential feeding of a specialized and locally abundant ant-like stone beetle on one family of Oribatida, documented here for the first time, has implications for the population dynamics of the prey and raises questions about predator-prey co-evolution and costs of an unusually prolonged period spent feeding when at risk from competition and attack by larger predators, typical of the habitats where Scydmaeninae occur., Pawel Jaloszynski, Ziemowit Olszanowski., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Cíl: Výkony intervenční radiologie patří ve spektru radiologických metod k dávkově nejnáročnějším. Pro snížení radiační zátěže jsou na trhu k dispozici i speciální pomůcky pro další snížení dávek, zejména na ruce. Jsou to jednorázové sterilní roušky, které se přikládají na pacienta a slouží jako ochrana před rozptýleným zářením z pacienta nebo sterilní ochranné rukavice určené přímo pro intervenujícího radiologa. Publikované klinické studie slibují významnou dávkovou úsporu (90%). Cílem pilotní studie bylo ověřit skutečnou účinnost těchto typů ochranných pomůcek v podmínkách klinické praxe. Metodika: Do prvotní studie byly zařazeny tři prováděné druhy intervenčních výkonů. Při probíhajícím vyšetření byla měřena kumulativní dávka na ruce (fyzikální veličina Hp (0,07)) za celý výkon a následně normalizována celkovým skiaskopickým časem daného výkonu. K měření byl použit přímo odečítající dozimetr Unfors EDD 30. Do studie bylo pro každý typ vyšetření zařazeno 20 pacientů a následně rozděleno do podskupin podle typu použité ochranné pomůcky. Výsledky: Z naměřených dat je patrné, že nejúčinnější ochrannou pomůckou pro sledované typy výkonů je jednoznačně rouška (snížení až o 85-89 %). Rukavice dávku radiologa snižují o 44-68 %. Závěr: Oba typy ochranných pomůcek mají velký potenciál pro snižování radiační zátěže rukou intervenčních radiologů. K tomuto účelu je ale nutné jejich správné použití a úzká spolupráce radiologa a radiologického asistenta., Aim: Interventional radiology is in the spectra of radiological procedures the most challenging from the radiation protection view. Among standard protective equipment, there are tools available for reducing dose impact on radiologists hands - sterile disposable pads to be placed on the patient to shield the scattered radiation comming from the patient or protective gloves for the interventionalist. Published clinical trials promise significant dose savings (90%). The aim of our pilot study was to verify the true effectiveness of these types of protective equipment under clinical practice. Methods: The initial study was carried out for three types of interventional procedures. Cumulative dose (physical quantity Hp (0.07)) for the whole procedure was subsequently normalized by total fluoroscopy time of the procedure. For dose measurements direct dosimeter Unfors EDD 30 was used. Our study was included 20 patients for each type of procedure. Obtained data were divided into subgroups according to the type of protective equipment used. Results: The results are provided for better clarity in graphs. Data show that the most effective protective equipment for the monitored types of procedures is pad (reduction of up to 85-89%). Gloves have reduced the dose to radiologists hands by 44-68%. Conclusion: Both types of protective devices have great potential for reducing radiation dose on fingers, but only when properly used. For this purpose, close cooperation among interventional radiologists and radiographers is essential., Kateřina Daníčková, Radek Pádr, Dáša Chmelová, Miloslav Roček, and Literatura