Diabetic heart is suggested to exhibit either increased or decreased resistance to ischemic injury. Ischemic preconditioning suppresses arrhythmias in the normal heart, whereas relatively little is known about its effects in the diseased myocardium. Our objective was to investigate whether development of diabetes mellitus modifies the susceptibility to ischemia-induced arrhythmias and affects preconditioning in the rat heart. Following 1 and 9 weeks of streptozotocin-induced (45 mg/kg, i.v.) diabetes, the hearts were Langendorff-perfused at constant pressure of 70 mm Hg and subjected to test ischemia induced by 30 min occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Preconditioning consisted of one cycle of 5 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion, prior to test ischemia. Susceptibility to ischemia-induced arrhythmias was lower in 1-week diabetics: only 42 % of diabetic hearts exhibited ventricular tachycardia (VT) and 16 % had short episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) as compared to VT 100 % and VF 70 % (including sustained VF 36 %) in the non-diabetics (P<0.05). Development of the disease was associated with an increased incidence of VT (VT 92 %, not significantly different from non-diabetics) and longer total duration of VT and VF at 9-weeks, as compared to 1-week diabetics. Preconditioning effectively suppressed arrhythmias in the normal hearts (VT 33 %, VF 0 %). However, it did not provide any additional antiarrhythmic protection in the acute diabetes. On the other hand, in the preconditioned 9-weeks diabetic hearts, the incidence of arrhythmias tended to decrease (VT 50 %, transient VF 10 %) and their severity was reduced. Diabetic rat hearts are thus less susceptible to ischemia-induced arrhythmias in the acute phase of the disease. Development of diabetes attenuates increased ischemic tolerance, however, diabetic hearts in the chronic phase can benefit more from ischem preconditioning, due to its persisting influence., T. Ravingerová, R. Štetka, D. Pancza, O. Uličná, A. Ziegelhöffer, J. Styk., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Suspension hypokinesia is a new model which can simulate some effects of microgravity on the organism of laboratory animals. Two groups of male SPF-bred Wistar rats were suspended for 24 h. In the first group hypokinesia began in the morning (M) (1 h after light onset, 0800 h), whereas the other group was subjected to this treatment from the evening (E) (1 h after dark onset, 2000 h). In the serum, there was a statistically significant increase in non-esterified fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TG) and glucose and a decrease in triiodothyronine concentration in the M group, while only a significant increase in phospholipids (PL) was found in the E group. The serum corticosterone level was increased in both groups, more markedly in the M group. There was an increase in TG and PL in the liver in M rats. In the bone marrow (femur), an increase of triglycerols in E rats and an increase of phospholipids in M rats were found. The concentration of glycogen in the heart muscle, m. quadriceps femoris and m. soleus rose in the M group only. The changes in the analyzed parameters predominate in the rats subjected to hypokinesia in the morning period. This fact confirmed the hypothesis about a higher sensitivity of rats to the stressor acting in the period of inactivity.
Suspenze přední poševní stěny spočívá v rekonstrukci nativní tkáně vaginální cestou. Cílem operace je korekce stresové močové inkontinence, k níž došlo v důsledku hypermobility močové trubice, a případně souvisejícího prolapsu přední poševní stěny jakéhokoli stupně. Ideálním kandidátem pro tento výkon je pacientka s laterální cystokélou (1. a 2. stadium). Operace může být indikována rovněž u pacientek s cystokélou závažnějšího stupně, v tomto případě je však nezbytná další rekonstrukce v podobě suspenze klenby poševní a korekce posteriorního kompartmentu (enterokéla, rektokéla). V našem článku popisujeme techniku rekonstrukce a uvádíme naše počáteční (dosud příznivé) zkušenosti. Operace je krátká (trvá přibližně jednu hodinu), je spojena s minimální morbiditou a nemá žádný vliv na mikční funkci. Operace neovlivňuje hloubku ani délku pochvy – po zhojení sutury se tedy pacientka může vrátit k sexuální aktivitě. Prof. Zimmern (UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA) prezentoval na poslední konferenci SUFU a AUA dlouhodobé výsledky po 15 letech., The anterior vaginal wall suspension is a native tissue repair procedure done vaginally to correct stress urinary incontinence secondary to urethral hypermobility and any associated degree of anterior vaginal wall compartment prolapse. The procedure is ideally suited for women with lateral defect cystocele (stages I and II). The procedure can be applied for more advanced degrees of cystocele, but additional repairs will be necessary including vault suspension and posterior compartment repairs (enterocele, rectocele). The technique of the procedure is reported herein, along with our early experience which has been favorable so far. The procedure is short (around one hour), with limited morbidity and no impact on voiding function. Vaginal depth and size are not compromised; so sexual activity can be resumed once the vaginal suture lines have healed. Long‑term data at 15 years has been reported at the last SUFU and AUA meetings by Dr Zimmern from UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas., and Gulpinar O., Zimmern P.
The third decade after the Velvet revolution in 1989, which restored political freedom and democracyin Czechoslovakia, has found its two successors – the Czech republic and Slovakia – in the midst of, whatsome authors describe as, a crisis of legitimacy of state institutions in Western countries. The perception oflegitimacy and the trust in institutions of criminal justice play pivotal role in securing and maintainingsocial consensus and harmonious development of societies. Economic and political turbulences during theera of transformation to the free market economies especially in the 1990s have contributed, in author’s view,to an unfortunate state of a very low trust of the Czech and Slovak citizenry in how their criminal justice institutionsexercise entrusted powers and perform their duties. A question thus emerges, what should be doneto sustain and foster legitimacy of criminal justice institutions in the context of contemporary developmentof these relatively young democracies? The article firstly turns to a discussion in the literature of English andAmerican provenience with the aim to analyse the meaning and importance of democratic legitimacy ofcriminal justice institutions. A special focus is dedicated to the notion of ‘procedural justice‘, i.e. perceivedfairness of how these institutions exercise their authority, and supposed limitations of this concept for achievinghigher perception of legitimacy and law-abidance among population. Further, some complementingaims, such as endeavours to reach ‘materially’ just outcomes, or focuses on professionalization and higherefficiency in exercising entrusted powers, are being discussed. The author finally submits that, in order to sustainand foster institutional legitimacy in evolving Czech and Slovak democracies, much more attention hasto be paid to ensure that criminal justice institutions, i.e. the police, the public prosecution, the judiciary andthe correctional service, exercise their duties in a procedurally just, fair and respectful manner, in consistencywith the principle of proportionality, and in an effective and proficient pursuit of security.
The earliest specifically Mahayana Literature consists of sutras of the Prajnaparamita (The perfection of insight). This literature is large and repetitive. This paper examines the circumstances of its origin. The problem is that according to the archeological and epigraphic evidence these sutras originated in Northen of India or in Khotan but according to the texts in Central or Southern India. There is a hypothesis to see in the emergence of Mahayana two originally separate traditions, i.e. „philosophical“ and „religious“, the first originated in South the second in North.
The literature of Prajñāpāramitā was vast, deep and vital to understanding of the the Mahāyāna Buddhism. The composition of these texts extended over about 1,000 years. Roughly speaking, four phases can be distinguished:
1. The elaboration of a basic text (ca. 100 B.C. to 100 A.D.). 2. The expansion of that text (ca. 100 A.D. to 300 A.D.). 3. The restatement of the doctrine in short sūtras and in versified summaries (ca. 300 A.D. to 500 A.D.). 4. The period of Tantric influence and magical elements in the sūtras (ca. 600 A.D. to 1200 A.D.). This article provides the fundamentals about these interesting texts. There are also the basic informations about the development of this literature outside of India in China and Tibet.
The term “prajñā” is the pricipal concern of the Prajñāpāramitāsūtras. It means in the Indo-Tibetan Buddhism a state of consciousness which results from analysis. Prajñā understands conceptually or non-conceptually emptiness (śūnyatā), the absence of self or intrinsic nature (svabhāva) in all entities. This article discuss the meaning of this very important term and some problems concerning of its translation.
Diceyho teorie je založena na absolutní suverenitě, kterou pro absolutní vládce vytvořil Bodin. Parlament tak hraje v tomto scénáři roli nejvyššího pistolníka. Tato teorie může být jednoduše odmítnuta jako zastaralá. Když se Dicey snaží vysvětlit, proč rozhodující osoby uznávají nejvyšší moc Parlamentu, argumentuje politickou suverenitou Parlamentu, která znamená jeho skutečnou moc ve fakticitě. Přestože tento přístup směšuje normativní a deskriptivní pohled, považuji ho za poněkud atraktivní popis určité mentální mapy. Článek dále popisuje spory mezi sirem Ivorem Jenningsem, sirem Williamem Wadem a dalšími ohledně možného sebeomezení Parlamentu. Byly vytvořeny tři základní koncepce. Podle Williama Wadea je Parlament omezen pravidlem, že se nemůže omezit. Sir Ivor Jennings tvrdí, že Parlament se může omezit jen z procesního hlediska. Jiní jako Nick Barber zastávají názor, že se může omezit neomezeně. Závěrem ukazuji, že Hart považoval soudní rozhodování ohledně citlivých ústavních otázek za politickou činnost, která se však děje výjimečně.Podle Harta soudy musí získat dostatečnou legitimitu pomocí rozhodování podústavních případů.To znamená, že jsou legitimizovány v podstatě technokratickou procedurou,
což kontrastuje s Diceyho koncepcí politické moci jako zdroje právní suverenity. and The Diceyan theory is based on absolute sovereignty imagined for the sake of absolute rulers by Bodin. In this scenario Parliament plays the role of a supreme gunman. This theory can be easily dismissed as old fashioned.When Dicey is supposed to explain why officials are recognizing the supreme power of Parliament, he claims that Parliament possesses “political sovereignty”, which means it is supreme in reality. Although this attitude confuses the normative and descriptive point of view, I consider it to be somehow appealing as basically psychological description of certain mental structure. Furthermore, the paper describes clashes between Sir Ivor Jennings, Sir William Wade and others regarding the possible limitation by which Parliament could fetter upon itself. Three basic conceptions have been developed.William Wade claims that Parliament is limited by the rule that it cannot limit itself. Sir Ivor Jennings holds that Parliament can issue rules concerning its manner and form. Others, namely Nick Barber, think that any limitation is possible. In conclusion, I point out that Hart considered the judicial decision-making regarding highly sensitive constitutional matters as a political act, but exceptional. According to Hart, courts have to gain sufficient legitimacy through the process of deciding ordinary cases. That means they are legitimized by technocratic procedure, which contrasts with Diceyan conception of political power as a source of legal sovereignty.