The authors briefly visit the history of hunting and gamekeeping in Czech lands from the legal per- spective. They focus especially on the laws of the 19th century. In detail they discuss the individual provisions of the Hunting Act for the Czech lands from 1866 and thus describe the conditions for hunting in the Czech lands.
This paper combines morphostructural analysis and geophysical methods in order to link the faults monitored inside Strašín Cave with faults and lineaments in the vicinity of the cave. The studied site is situated in SW Bohemia, at the foothills of the Bohemian Forest Mts. Main goal is to combine the morphostructural, morphometrical and geophysical methods in order to identify the fault system, monitored inside the cave. This will allow relevant interpretation of the observed movements in the frame of the local tectonic environment. The results show that the monitored faults are observable in the geophysical profiles and, using our knowledge of the structural setting, we have been able to link them with mapped tectonic structures in the vicinity of the cave. Thus, it has been demonstrated that even where outcrops are absent, the faults can be traced and that the monitored faults are significant enough to yield relevant data on tectonic movements. In addition, the combined resistivity and gravimetry profiles reveal a possible new, presently unknown, cave located 20 m below the surface about 200 m northnortheast of Strašín Cave., Filip Hartvich and Jan Valenta., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The type species of Pseudopsila Johnson, P. fallax (Loew), and two related species are found to belong in Psila s. str., and Pseudopsila is thus synonymized with Psila Meigen. The remaining species formerly included in Pseudopsila form a monophyletic group here described as Xenopsila Buck subgen. n. [i.e., Psila (Xenopsila) collaris Loew comb. n., P. (X.) bivittata Loew comb. n., P. (X.) lateralis Loew comb. n., P. (X.) arbustorum Shatalkin comb. n., P. (X.) nemoralis Shatalkin comb. n., P. (X.) tetrachaeta (Shatalkin) comb. n., P. (X.) maculipennis (Frey) comb. n., P. (X.) nigricollis (Frey) comb. n., P. (X.) nigrohumera (Wang & Yang) comb. n.]. A key to the Nearctic species of Xenopsila and the Psila fallax-group is provided. The placement of Xenopsila in Psila s. l. is confirmed by newly recognised synapomorphies of the egg stage. The somewhat questionable monophyly of Psila s. l. is confirmed based on these new synapomorphies, thereby slightly expanding its taxonomic limits to also include Asiopsila Shatalkin. The morphology of the male genitalia of Xenopsila is discussed in detail, clarifying confused homologies and character polarities in the hypandrial complex. Evolutionary trends in the development of the hypandrium in the subfamily Psilinae are discussed.
Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) have been reported to produce winged offspring in the presence of predatory ladybirds. These offspring may leave host plants by flight after they have developed into winged adults. The inter-generational nature of this response raises the question about the chances of survival of aphids developing in attacked colonies. We studied the behaviour of predatory ladybirds on host plants by releasing adult 7-spot ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata) on bean plants hosting either no prey individuals or colonies of 10 or 30 pea aphids. Interactions between predator and prey were recorded until the ladybird left the plant. Ladybird patch residence time increased with the number of aphids present on a plant but beetles generally left a plant before all aphids were eaten. The time budget of the ladybirds revealed a high proportion of time not spent in feeding activities. Predation rate was about one aphid killed per 10min residence time in both treatments with aphid-infested plants. Aphids that survived an attack by the predator or that were alarmed when a conspecific was attacked often emigrated from the host plant, and their number was of the same magnitude as the number of aphids killed by the predator. On average, pea aphid numbers at the end of an experiment were reduced to less than a third of the initial value. The results of the experiment show that attack by single ladybirds does on average not cause immediate extinction of small aphid colonies. The short patch residence times of on average less than two hours show that a predator individual that induces winged-offspring production in an aphid colony will not any longer be present in the colony when the induced offspring mature. To understand the adaptiveness of predator-induced wing development in pea aphids the probabilities of subsequent attacks on an aphid colony need to be investigated.
Risk factors (RF) of cardiovascular diseases associated with modern lifestyle, such as stress, chronically increased blood pressure, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia have a negative impact on the heart exposed to ischemia: their may facilitate its lethal injury (myocardial infarction) and occurrence of sudden death due to ventricular arrhythmias. On the other hand, some stressful stimuli related to RF including reactive oxygen species, transient episodes of ischemia (hypoxia), high glucose and other may play a dual role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (IRI). Besides their deleterious effects, these factors may trigger adaptive processes in the heart resulting in greater resistance against IRI, which is also a characteristic feature of the female myocardium. However, sensitivity to ischemia is increasing with age in both genders. Current research indicates that comorbidity related to lifestyle may impair the cardiac response to acute ischemia not only by interference with pathophysiological mechanisms of IRI per se, but via suppression of intrinsic protective mechanisms in the heart and its ability to tolerate the ischemic challenges, although the role of RF has not been unequivocally proven. Moreover, even pathologically altered myocardium need not completely lose its adaptive potential. In addition, increased ischemic tolerance can be induced by the pleiotropic (independent of the primary) effects of some hypolipidemic and antidiabetic drugs, even in the diseased myocardium. This review addresses the issue of the impact of RF on cellular cardioprotective mechanisms and the possibilities to restore adaptive potential in subjects challenged with several RF. Reactivation of adaptive processes in the myocardium taking into consideration gender and age can contribute to optimalization of antiischemic therapy., T. Ravingerová, ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Many aphidophagous coccinellids harbour male-killing bacteria. These maternally inherited bacteria kill males early in embryogenesis, female offspring of infected mothers gaining a large resource advantage from the consumption of their dead brothers. In this paper, the diversity of male-killing bacteria and their coccinellid hosts will be briefly reviewed. Thereafter, the impact that invasion by male-killers has on coccinellid hosts will be addressed in two ways. First, the selective effects due to the loss of male progeny, and the intra-genomic conflict resulting from the cytoplasmic inheritance of the bacteria will be considered. Reductions in mitochondrial diversity, effects on clutch sizes and the evolution of male-killer suppresser systems will be discussed. Second, the impact of female biased population sex ratios on the evolution of reproductive strategies and the primary sex ratio will be investigated. Preliminary results suggesting changes in male investment per copulation, reductions in female testing behaviour of males, and male biases in the progenic sex ratios of some uninfected male lines will be presented. Avenues for future work will be outlined.
Cytokines are widely known mediators of inflammation accompanying many neurodegenerative disorders including normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). NPH is caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reabsorption and treated by surgical shunt insertion. The diagnostics is still complicated and the shunt effect is not durable; after several years, dementia may develop. In the clinical practice, biomarkers support the diagnostics as well as the further time course of many neurodegenerative diseases. Until recently, no reliable biomarker for NPH was evaluated. The attempt of this review was to make a survey concerning cytokines as possible NPH markers. Among all reviewed cytokines, the most promising are CSF IL-10 and IL-33, enabling to follow-up the disease progression and monitoring the effectiveness of the shunt insertion., L. Sosvorova, M. Mohapl, J. Vcelak, M. Hill, J. Vitku, R. Hampl., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The recent Czech re-codification of the Private law is amassive legislative move performed through a set of statutes and other instruments. The flagship of this flotilla, the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Czech New Civil Code has significantly re-shaped the Czech private legal framework and reached even the fundamental principles and concepts. For instance, the reinforced mandate of good morals and the reviewed delineation of in rem rights have the potential to change the meaning and regime of virtually all assets, including virtual domain names. The former discussion whether the domain name is an item, aright, something else or noth- ing and whether a domain name can be owned or held or neither is not expressly resolved by the New Civil Code. There are at least two opinion streams – one interpreting the new regulation as an endorsement of the in rem regime of domain names and another interpreting the new regulation as a clear rejection of the in rem regime of domain names. What exactly does the New Civil Code tell us and how should we interpret it? Aconsistent and open-minded approach leads to aset of (semi)conclusions bringing light in this extremely important and confusing arena and advocating for placing domain names, as well as the Roman law own- ership triad, from the shadow to the sunny side.