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30355. Warfarin a farmakogenetika

Creator:
Matýšková, Miloslava and Čech, Zbyněk
Type:
model:article, article, Text, and TEXT
Subject:
warfarin--aplikace a dávkování--krev--škodlivé účinky, farmakogenetika, léková rezistence--genetika, vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva, polymorfismus genetický--genetika--účinky léků, cytogenetické vyšetření--normy, and lidé
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Antikoagulační léčba warfarinem a dalšími deriváty dikumarolu vykazuje významnou interindividuální i intraindividuální variabilitu. Potřebná dávka warfarinu z velké části závisí i na vrozených dispozicích každého jedince. Dávku prokazatelně ovlivňují genetické varianty cytochromu P450 2C9 (CYPP2C9) a reduktázy epoxidu vitaminu K (VKORC1). Ovlivnění dalšími polymorfi smy je předmětem výzkumu. Zdá se, že zahrnutí výsledků genetického testování do algoritmů pro výpočet potřebné úvodní dávky warfarinu by mohlo být přínosem. Podobně znalost polymorfi smů může upozornit na pacienty s vysokým rizikem předávkování a tím i krvácivých komplikací. Dosud to však není jednoznačně prokázané., Sensitivity to anticoagulation treatment by warfarin shows a wide inter-individual and intra-individual variability. The proper warfarin dose also depends largely on inherited predispositions. The dose is signifi cantly infl uenced by genetic variants of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYPP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1). Other possible polymorphism effects are under investigation. It seems that including genetic testing into algorithms for calculating of the required warfarin dose could be benefi cial. Similarly, knowledge of polymorphisms could alert us to patients with a high risk of overdosing and bleeding complication. If there is a benefi t of genetic testing remains controversial till now., Matýšková M., Čech Z., and Lit.: 35
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

30356. Warp-speed adaptation to novel hosts after 300 generations of enforced dietary specialisation in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

Creator:
Price, Thomas N., Leonard, Aoife, and Lancaster, Lesley T.
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, brouci, mandelinkovití, beetles, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Bruchinae, Callosobruchus maculatus, emerging crop pests, host shifts, genetic variation, adaptation trajectory, evolvability, experimental evolution, quasi-natural selection, heritability, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Herbivorous insects are often highly specialised, likely due to trade-offs in fitness on alternative host species. However, some pest insects are extremely adaptable and readily adopt novel hosts, sometimes causing rapid expansion of their host range as they spread from their original host and geographic origin. The genetic basis of this phenomenon is poorly understood, limiting our ability to predict or mitigate global insect pest outbreaks. We investigated the trajectory of early adaptation to novel hosts in a regionally-specialised global crop pest species (the cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus). After experimentally-enforced dietary specialisation for nearly 300 generations, we measured changes in fitness over the first 5 generations of adaptation to 6 novel hosts. Of these, C. maculatus reproduced successfully on all but one, with reduced fitness observed on three hosts in the first generation. Loss of fitness was followed by very rapid, decelerating increases in fitness over the first 1-5 generations, resulting in comparable levels of population fitness to that observed on the original host after 5 generations. Heritability of fitness on novel hosts was high. Adaptation occurred primarily via changes in behavioural and phenological traits, and never via changes in offspring survival to adulthood, despite high heritability for this trait. These results suggest that C. maculatus possesses ample additive genetic variation for very rapid host shifts, despite a prolonged period of enforced specialization, and also suggest that some previously-inferred environmental maternal effects on host use may in part actually represent (rapidly) evolved changes. We highlight the need to examine in more detail the genetic architecture facilitating retention of high additive genetic variation for host shifts in extremely adaptable global crop pests., Thomas N. Price, Aoife Leonard, Lesley T. Lancaster., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

30358. Water infiltration in an aquifer recharge basin affected by temperature and air entrapment

Creator:
Loizeau, Sébastien, Rossier, Yvan, Gaudet, Jean-Paul, Refloch, Aurore, Besnard, Katia, Angulo-Jaramillo, Rafael, and Lassabatere, Laurent
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
aquifer recharge, unsaturated/saturated modeling, infiltration test, air entrapment, and temperature dependence
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Artificial basins are used to recharge groundwater and protect water pumping fields. In these basins, infiltration rates are monitored to detect any decrease in water infiltration in relation with clogging. However, miss-estimations of infiltration rate may result from neglecting the effects of water temperature change and air-entrapment. This study aims to investigate the effect of temperature and air entrapment on water infiltration at the basin scale by conducting successive infiltration cycles in an experimental basin of 11869 m2 in a pumping field at Crepieux-Charmy (Lyon, France). A first experiment, conducted in summer 2011, showed a strong increase in infiltration rate; which was linked to a potential increase in ground water temperature or a potential dissolution of air entrapped at the beginning of the infiltration. A second experiment was conducted in summer, to inject cold water instead of warm water, and also revealed an increase in infiltration rate. This increase was linked to air dissolution in the soil. A final experiment was conducted in spring with no temperature contrast and no entrapped air (soil initially water-saturated), revealing a constant infiltration rate. Modeling and analysis of experiments revealed that air entrapment and cold water temperature in the soil could substantially reduce infiltration rate over the first infiltration cycles, with respective effects of similar magnitude. Clearly, both water temperature change and air entrapment must be considered for an accurate assessment of the infiltration rate in basins.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

30359. Water loss of male and female Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) maintained under dry conditions

Creator:
Renault, David and Coray, Yann
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Desiccation resistance, survival, sex, body size, body water, water loss rate, Tenebrionidae, and Coleoptera
Language:
English
Description:
Survival under dry conditions was examined in males and females of Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a beetle of tropical origin. The range of individual responses and the effect of gender on water loss were also evaluated. Females exhibit significantly longer survival (Lt50 and Lt90) than males under desiccating conditions. Larger females beetles have a greater initial water mass and hence can tolerate greater water losses. Such beetles have longer survival under dry conditions. Males and females loose an average of 54.8 and 58.9% of their body water prior to death. The insects were inactive most of the time, when kept under dry conditions; the rate of decrease in body water was thus reduced. Beetles of both gender display a negative correlation between the rates of water loss under desiccating conditions and the duration of survival. We conclude that the difference in survival period between males and females is due to a combination of greater female tolerance to desiccation and larger body size.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

30360. Water vapour adsorption on water repellent sandy soils

Creator:
Orfanus, Tomas, Amer, Abdel-Monem Mohamed, Jozefaciuk, Grzegorz, Fulajtar, Emil, and Čelková, Anežka
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
soil sorptivity, hydrophobization, adsorption isotherm, fractal dimension, and specific surface area
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Soil sorptivity is considered a key parameter describing early stages of water (rain) infiltration into a relatively dry soil and it is related to build-up complexity of the capillary system and soil wettability (contact angles of soil pore walls). During the last decade an increasing water repellency of sandy soils under pine forest and grassland vegetation has been frequently observed at Mlaky II location in SW Slovakia. The dry seasons result in uneven wetting of soil and up to hundredfold decrease in soil sorptivity in these vegetated soil as compared to reference sandy material, which was out of the reach of ambient vegetation and therefore readily wettable. As far as water binding to low moisture soils is governed by adsorption processes, we hypothesized that soil water repellency detected by water drop penetration test and by index of water repellency should also influence the water vapour adsorption parameters (monolayer water content, Wm, specific surface area, A, maximum adsorption water, Wa, maximum hygroscopic water MH, fractal dimension, DS and adsorption energies, Ea) derived from BET model of adsorption isotherms. We found however, that the connection of these parameters to water repellency level is difficult to interpret; nevertheless the centres with higher adsorption energy prevailed evidently in wettable materials. The water repellent forest and grassland soils reached less than 80% of the adsorption energy measured on wettable reference material. To get more conclusive results, which would not be influenced by small but still present variability of field materials, commercially available homogeneous siliceous sand was artificially hydrophobized and studied in the same way, as were the field materials. This extremely water repellent material had two-times lower surface area, very low fractal dimension (close to 2) and substantially lower adsorption energy as compared to the same siliceous sand when not hydrophobized.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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