Neuroepidemiology -- American Journal of Epidemiology -- Neuroscience Research Australia -- Neuroepidemiology Research Group – Harvardova lékařská škola -- Neuroepidemiologická data na stránkách WHO -- Thomson Reuters: Global Epidemiology Data -- OrphaNet and Stanislav Voháňka
Emergency Neurological Life Suport -- Časopis Neurocritical Care (Springer) -- Emergency Medicine Cases -- Neurointenzivní léčba na stránkách Johns Hopkins -- BPPB na stránkách Medscape -- Vyšetřování závratí -- Vyšetřování škály NIHSS -- Status epilepticus -- Subarachoidální krvácení and Stanislav Voháňka
Pompe Community -- AMDA – Acid Maltase Deficiency Association -- United Pompe Foundation -- Pompe Pages (Association for Glycogen Storage Disease UK) -- Pompeho centrum při Erasmově lékařském centru v Rotterdamu -- Správná diagnóza.cz and Stanislav Voháňka
Informace o mozkomíšním moku na serveru UpToDate(Wolters Kluwer) -- Multimediální učebnice 3. LF UK: Likvor, hematoencefalická a hematolikvorová bariéra//Cerebrospinal Fluid, Blood-Brain Barrier and Blood-CSF Barrier -- Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis na stránkách American Family Physician -- Neuropathology Web (Northeast Ohio Medical University) and Stanislav Voháňka
Data on the webs, prey spectrum, density and fecundity of Theridion impressum from three different habitats [fields of sunflower, fiddleneck (Phacelia), and apple trees] are presented and discussed. The volume of webs were found to vary between 5 (the first free instar) to 117 cm3 (subadult and adult specimens). The mean density of adult spiders per plant was 0.7 (sunflower), 1.5 (fiddleneck) and 1.2 (per apple branch). Spiders preferred to build webs in the upper part of vegetation or at the extremities of tree branches. The prey spectrum was assessed by collecting webs and identifying their contents. Prey items were primarily aphids (73%), Diptera (7.5%), acid Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (both 5.4%). Pests comprised 90% of the prey; the remaining 10% was accounted for by natural enemies, pollinators and other insects. The number of insects captured in webs differed among study habitats (sunflower > fiddleneck > apple tree) though this difference was not statistically significant. Due to greater numbers of aphids in webs on sunflower, the mean prey length was significantly smaller on sunflowers than in other plots. An index of fecundity was obtained by counting the number of eggs in eggsacs. This varied from 48 to 156 per eggsac and was not significantly different between study plots. The number of eggs was strongly correlated with numbers of prey captured per spider.
Aphidophagous ladybirds exhibit a broad range of body sizes. Until now this has been thought to be a function of the different prey densities that they feed at, with smaller ladybirds feeding at lower prey densities. The size of the prey species they feed on has been considered to have no relationship with ladybird body size. However, these arguments possess a limited capacity to explain observed data from the field. I here demonstrate a more realistic, complex approach incorporating both prey density and the size of prey species. Small ladybirds can feed on small aphids at both low and high densities. However when the aphid species is large they cannot catch the older, bigger, more energy-rich aphid instars due to their small size. They are thus unable to feed on large aphid prey at low densities, although at higher densities numbers of the smaller instars may be sufficient to sustain them. By contrast large ladybirds can feed on large aphids at both low and high densities due to their superior ability to catch the bigger, more energy-rich older aphids; however they cannot be sustained by low densities of small aphids due to food limitation consequent on their large size. This more complex association between ladybird size, prey size and prey density possesses a better explanatory power for earlier field data. Because of this relationship, ladybird body size also provides an important trade-off determining dietary breadth and specialization in the aphidophagous Coccinellidae. Dietary specialists more closely match the size of their limited prey species, have higher overall capture efficiencies and can thus continue to reproduce at lower aphid densities for longer. By contrast dietary generalists adopt a one-size-fits-all strategy, are medium-sized and have lower capture efficiencies of individual prey species, thus requiring higher aphid densities. The role of body-size in dietary specialization is supported by data from the British fauna. Rather than trade-offs related to prey chemistry, which have hitherto been the centre of attention, body size trade-offs are the likely most important universal factor underlying dietary specialization in aphidophagous coccinellids.