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401. $n$-flat and $n$-FP-injective modules

Creator:
Yang, Xiaoyan and Liu, Zhongkui
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
$n$-flat module, $n$-FP-injective module, $n$-coherent ring, and cotorsion theory
Language:
English
Description:
In this paper, we study the existence of the $n$-flat preenvelope and the $n$-FP-injective cover. We also characterize $n$-coherent rings in terms of the $n$-FP-injective and $n$-flat modules.
Rights:
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402. $R_0$-algebras and weak dually residuated lattice ordered semigroups

Creator:
Lianzhen, Liu and Kaitai, Li
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
$R_0$-algebra, DRL-semigroup, and WDRL-semigroup
Language:
English
Description:
We introduce the notion of weak dually residuated lattice ordered semigroups (WDRL-semigroups) and investigate the relation between $R_0$-algebras and WDRL-semigroups. We prove that the category of $R_0$-algebras is equivalent to the category of some bounded WDRL-semigroups. Moreover, the connection between WDRL-semigroups and DRL-semigroups is studied.
Rights:
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403. $w^*$-basic sequences and reflexivity of Banach spaces

Creator:
John, Kamil
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
reflexive Banach space, Schauder basis, quotient space, w$^*$-basic sequence, and tensor product
Language:
English
Description:
We observe that a separable Banach space $X$ is reflexive iff each of its quotients with Schauder basis is reflexive. Similarly if $\mathcal L(X,Y)$ is not reflexive for reflexive $X$ and $Y$ then $\mathcal L(X_1, Y)$ is is not reflexive for some $X_1\subset X$, $X_1$ having a basis.
Rights:
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404. ''Američan - a musí emigrovat do Československa!'': Škvoreckého jazzman Herbert Ward optikou zpráv FBI

Creator:
Petr Vidomus
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
historiografie, imigranti, jazzoví hudebníci, historiography, immigrants, jazz musicians, 8, and 93/94
Language:
Czech
Description:
a1_Jednou z klíčových postav povídky Josefa Škvoreckého Malá pražská matahára (1955) je americký hudebník Robert Bulwer. Jeho statutu politického azylanta ,,vyhladovělí pražští fandové'' dovedně využijí k propašování jazzové revue na pražská pódia v době, kdy je tento žánr stále ještě považován za podezřelý. Fiktivní postava Bulwera má reálný předobraz v americkém jazzovém hráči na kontrabas Herbertu Wardovi (1921-1994), který spolu s manželkou, tanečnicí a choreografkou Jacqueline Wardovou (1919-2014) a dvěma syny požádal v roce 1954 o politický azyl v socialistickém Československu a poté do roku 1964 žil v Praze. Autor na základě odtajněných spisů amerického Federálního úřadu pro vyšetřování (FBI), ale i českých a jiných archivních pramenů a dobového tisku vykresluje životní příběh manželů Wardových, zejména jejich působení v Evropě, okolnosti získání azylu a život v Československu. Tento příběh zasazuje do kontextu pronásledování takzvané neamerické činnosti (mccarthismu) ve Spojených státech po vypuknutí studené války, kterým byla vedle jiných levicových umělců postižena také řada jazzových hudebníků a v němž shledává motivy k odchodu Wardových z Ameriky do Dánska v roce 1950. Značnou pozornost věnuje otázce členství Wardových v Komunistické straně USA a spřízněných levicových organizacích a důvodům zájmu FBI o jejich činnost., a2_V líčení jejich autora života v Praze poutá umělecké působení obou manželů, zejména Wardova revuální pásma přibližující pražskému publiku historii jazzu, a později v šedesátých letech jejich narůstající deziluze z pobytu v Československu, která je přivedla k návratu do USA. Stať je mimo jiné příspěvkem do nedávno započaté diskuse o anglicky mluvící levicové komunitě v Československu po začátku studené války a zároveň ilustruje práci FBI v době amerického mccarthismu., a1_One of the key characters of Josef Škvorecký´s short story Prague´s Little Mara Hara (1955) is an American musician named Robert Bulwer. ''Music-hungry fans of Prague'' skillfully use his political refugee´s status to smuggle a jazz revue onto stages of Prague at the time the music style is still viewed as something suspicious. The fictitious character of Bulwer was based on a realistic archetype, American double-bass jazz player Herbert Ward (1921-1994), who together with his wife, dancer and choreographer Jacqueline Ward (1919-2014) and two sons asked for political asylum in socialist Czechoslovakia in 1954 and then lived in Prague until 1964. Using declassified files of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), but also information from Czech and other archival sources and period press, the author depicts the life story of the Wards, in particular their presence in Europe, circumstances under which the asylum was granted, and their life in Czechoslovakia. He sets the story into the context of persecution of so-called un-American activities (McCarthyism) in the United States after the outbreak of the Cold War; in addition to other left-wing artists, the campaign also affected many jazz musicians, and Petr Vidomus sees motives for the 1950 departure of the Wards from the USA to Denmark in it. He pays a lot of attention to the issue of the Wards´ membership in the Communist Party of the USA and related left-wing organizations and reasons of the FBI´s interest in their activities. Insofar as their life in Prague is concerned, the author is interested primarily in their artistic activities, in particular Herbert Ward´s revues describing the history of jazz to Prague´s audience, and later, in the 1960s, their disillusionment with the life in Czechoslovakia, which made them return to the United States., a2_The article is, inter alia, a contribution to a recently started discussion about the English-speaking left-wing community in Czechoslovakia after the beginning of the Cold War, and also illustrates the work of the FBI during the era of McCarthyism in the United States., Petr Vidomus., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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405. ''Bez sociální politiky to nejde!'': k výzkumu sociálněpolitické praxe na území Protektorátu Čechy a Morava

Creator:
Radka Šustrová
Format:
print
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
sociální politika, dějiny sociální politiky, Protektorát Čechy a Morava (1939-1945), social politics, history social politics, protectorate Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1945), 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
Sociální politika v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava představuje jedno z klíčových témat současného výzkumu dějin tohoto období. Článek se zabývá možnostmi, jak zkoumat tuto problematiku s ohledem na nejnovější badatelské trendy ve výzkumu nacionálního socialismu. V úvodním nástinu historiografického zpracování protektorátní sociální politiky je naznačena zejména převládající jednotvárnost v argumentaci, nesystémovost výkladu a omezení české a československé historiografické produkce na etnicky české obyvatelstvo. Dosavadní výzkum zcela rezignuje na zasazení sociální politiky do kontextu dějin společnosti. Autorka tak nejdříve načrtává společenský rámec, který reprezentuje koncept „národního společenství“ (Volksgemeinschaft), v němž se utvářely a realizovaly představy o smyslu a funkci sociální politiky. V další části se zaměřuje na obsahové vymezení pojmu „sociální politika“ v podobě, jak jej chápali nacističtí teoretici po roce 1933. V závěrečné části se pokouší o definování nově utvářených sociálních poměrů v česko-německém prostředí Protektorátu Čechy a Morava a naznačuje možnosti jejich analýzy v oblasti realizace sociální politiky. Za perspektivní považuje jednak sledování procesu uplatňování příslušných měřítek v říši a protektorátu v rovině expertního diskurzu, jednak výzkum vlastní sociálněpolitické praxe. V rozdílných motivacích režimu při realizaci sociálněpolitických opatření ve vztahu k různých skupinám obyvatelstva spatřuje autorka nejpodstatnější aspekty realizace sociální politiky na škále od sociálního vyloučení po formy sociálního ochranářství., Social policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, from mid-March 1939 to early May 1945, is a key topic in contemporary research on the history of this brief period. The article is concerned with the possible approaches to research with regard to the latest trends in research on National Socialism. It begins with an outline of the historiography of social policy in the Protectorate, which is marked chiefly by a predominant uniformity of argumentation, a lack of systematic approach to interpretation, and Czech and Czechoslovak historians’ limiting themselves to the ethnically Czech population. Research conducted so far has completely failed to put social policy into the context of social history. The author thus first provides an outline of the social framework, which represents the concept of a Volksgemeinschaft (national/ethnic/racial community), in which ideas about the purpose and function of social policy were formed and implemented. In the next part, she focuses on the definition of the term ‘social policy’ as understood by Nazi theorists after 1933. In the last part of the article, she seeks to define the new social relations in the Czech-German environment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and suggests possibilities of its analysis in the area of the implementation of social policy. She believes that it will be fruitful to study the implementation of the relevant criteria in the Reich and the Protectorate at the level of discussions among experts, and to research social policy in practice. The author sees the most important aspects of the implementation of social policy as residing in the various motivations of the régime when implementing social policy in relation to different parts of the population, ranging from social exclusion to forms of social protectionism., Radka Šustrová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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408. ''Exilové internacionály'' ve studené válce jako nástroj boje proti komunismu

Creator:
Martin Nekola
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
dějiny, history, 8, and 93/94
Language:
Czech
Description:
Studie se zabývá formováním a vývojem nadnárodních organizací politických exulantů ze zemí za železnou oponou na Západě, především během první fáze studené války. Hlavním záměrem textu je poskytnout základní faktografický přehled a nastínit možné srovnání typů, aktivit a cílů protikomunistických exilových organizací. Ať už se jednalo o politické strany, národní výbory, nebo ideologické a profesní organizace působící v exilových podmínkách, úloha a postavení těchto subjektů podle autora fatálně závisely na změnách mezinárodní situace a míře podpory poskytované vládami západních zemí, především Spojených států amerických. Dokladuje to jejich hromadné zakládání na přelomu čtyřicátých a padesátých let minulého století, poměrně krátké období skutečné aktivity v první polovině padesátých let a poté postupný, leč nezvratný úpadek v dalších desetiletích. Detailněji se autor zaměřil na pět nejvýznamnějších „exilových internacionál“: Mezinárodní rolnickou unii, Socialistickou unii střední a východní Evropy, Liberálnědemokratickou unii střední a východní Evropy, Křesťanskodemokratickou unii střední Evropy a Mezinárodní ústředí svobodných odborů v exilu. Ač dosáhly jistého významu a v jejich strukturách působila řada Čechů, domácí historiografie dosud nevěnovala tomuto typu organizací, a ostatně ani celé kapitole exilu v době studené války, systematickou pozornost., The article is concerned with the formation and development of the supranational organizations in the West which were composed of political exiles from the countries behind the Iron Curtain, mainly during the fi rst phase of the Cold War. The article sets out chiefl y to provide a basic factual overview and to outline a possible comparison of the types, activities, and aims of the anti-Communist exile organizations. Regardless of whether they were political parties, national committees, or ideological and professional organizations working in exile, the task and status of these subjects depended entirely, the author argues, on changes in the international situation and the degree of support from Western governments, chiefl y the United States of America. That is demonstrated by their being established one after the other in the late 1940s and early 1950s, their comparatively short period of real activity in the fi rst half of the 1950s, and, later, their gradual, though irreversible, decline over the next decades. The author then focuses in detail on the fi ve most important ‘exile internationals’: the International Peasant Union, the Socialist Union of Central and Eastern Europe, the Liberal Democratic Union of Central and Eastern Europe, the Christian Democratic Union of Central Europe, and the International Centre of Free Trade Unions in Exile. Although these groups achieved some importance, and although a number of Czechs worked in their organizations, Czech historians have yet to pay systematic attention to them, let alone to the chapter of Cold War exiles as a whole., and Martin Nekola.
Rights:
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409. ''Getting around to the human being in the next quarter'': leisure time in the Czech lands 1948-1956

Creator:
Franc, Martin and Knapík, Jiří
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
historiography, Czech lands, and Communist takeove
Language:
English
Description:
The authors consider the changes in the conception, organization, ways of spending, and forms of leisure in the Czech Lands from the establishment of the Communist monopoly on power in early 1948 to the second half of the 1950s. (After this point leisure time here began strikingly to change under the infl uence of consumerist trends.) They consider the topic in the context of the dominant ideology and changes in economic, social, and arts policies. The authors take into account gender differences, contrasts between town and country, and special features of social groups. They pay particular attention to leisure amongst young people and children. The authors do not, however, see the Communist takeover of February 1948 as a watershed in the sphere of leisure. Instead, they demonstrate both the continuity and differences between the period of limited democracy, from May 1945 to February 1948, and the years that followed. In some cases, they highlight features that were identical in Nazi German and Communist approaches to leisure activities (the rejection of jazz, ''trash'' (brak) in the arts, and Western infl uences in general). The authors discuss how the Communist regime intervened intensively in the way people chose to spend their free time, in its endeavour to shape a new type of man and woman in the new social conditions. At the same time, particularly in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the State so emphasized the importance of the work of building socialism, that leisure was seen as a ''necessary evil'', since it used up valuable physical and mental energy that would have been better spent on increasing productivity. For the same aims, but also with regard to the idea of somewhatdemocratising the arts, the regime gave preference to activities such as political and vocational self-education as well as the study of selected arts and cultural values. In keeping with the subordination of the individual to the interests of society, collective forms of recreation and the leisure (holidays spent with groups of co-workers, mass group visits to plays, fi lms, concerts, museums, galleries, and, later, Pioneer camps) were given priority. Traditional club activity and individual leisure were seen as ''bourgeois survivals''. Some young people’s non-conformist leisure activities met with suspicion from the authorities or with outright repression. Amongst the models of leisure that the regime held worthy of emulation were the Socialist youth construction projects (stavby mládeže), ''volunteer'' work, and additional instruction or training. The new organizations, such as the Revolutionary Trades Union Movement (Revoluční odborové hnutí - ROH), the Czechoslovak Union of Youth (Československý svaz mládeže - ČSM), and the Union for Co-operation with the Army (Svaz pro spolupráci s armádou - Svazarm), which took the place of the earlier clubs and associations, comported with the new ideology and provided the required forms of leisure. The authorities endeavoured also to support considerably developed and differentiated hobbies, such as making art, playing board games, and collecting. Special facilities were established to run these activities, including the enterprise-based clubs of the ROH, houses of culture (kulturní domy), and people’s educational societies (osvětové besedy). Forms of universally accessible activity, like chess and phillumeny (collecting matchbox labels), were supported, whereas fi nancially more demanding hobbies or those linked to private gain, such as philately or numismatics, were marginalized. A slight retreat from the ideologised conception of leisure came with the so-called ''new course'' of 1953. But more striking changes were made in the second half of the 1950s. These years, which saw shorter working weeks, a higher standard of living than before, and the emergence of consumerist trends, are described by the authors as a period of the planned expansion of leisure and its gradual individualisation.
Rights:
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410. ''He who leads - controls!'': corporate management and rigours of ''Socialist control'' in Czechoslovak enterprises in the 1980s

Creator:
Vilímek, Tomáš and Mareš, Jiří
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
period of late socialism and historic
Language:
English
Description:
The study deals with issues of corporate management and pitfalls of the ''socialist supervision'' in Czechoslovak enterprises in the period of late socialism. Using documents of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the State Security, period texts and specialized publications, it shows how party organs and state authorities were unsuccessfully trying to make supervisory mechanisms and audits a functional tool of the implementation of the ruling party´s economic policy. The author analyzes the supervisory and audit mechanisms that were used, and outlines basic reasons of the almost fatal failure of supervisory activities of the system which was, in a way, obsessed with supervision and control. He explains the systemic conditionality of the supervisory system which socialist managers often and in many respects bent to suit the needs of the enterprises they were in charge of; such situation naturally did not match the needs of the society as a whole. Using many specifi c cases as an example, the study graphically shows that members of the Czechoslovak corporate management community in the 1980s were fully aware of systemic, political and social limitations of the supervisory system which they managed to modify, fairly successfully, to suit intra-corporate conditions. The result was a situation in which the party leadership was reacting to increasingly obvious symptoms of the “agony of the centrally planned economy” by adopting various directives and guidelines to make the supervisory process more effective and to consistently promote the ''whoever manages - supervises'' principle. However, the anticipated effect did not materialize and, at the end of the day, the non-functional supervisory mechanisms made a substantial contribution to the collapse of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia. and Překlad: Jiří Mareš
Rights:
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411. ''I did not get the subjects I was expecting, so I am over my head in work preparation.'': correspondence and final reports of experts sent to Iraq during the 1960s

Creator:
Jůnová Macková, Adéla and Clarke, Melvyn
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
export of experts, CSAS, Iraq, reports, correspondence, and daily life
Language:
Czech
Description:
It is the aim of this publication to present CSAS archive material relating to the issues surrounding the dispatch of Czechoslovak experts to Iraq in the 1960s and to interpret it so as to show both the benefits and the obstacles involved. Some of the documents have been preserved in the Collection of CSAS Foreign Reports fond, in which final reports from the foreign stays of experts teaching at higher education institutes or carrying out scientific research abroad are arranged chronologically and geographically.
Rights:
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412. ''Im übrigen freue ich mich unendlich auf die Arbeit im Sudetenland!'': Studentské praxe v Sudetoněmeckém ústavu pro výzkum země a lidu pod vedením dr. Margarete Klanteové 1942-1944

Creator:
Josefovičová, Milena and Clarke, Melvyn
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
sudetens, students, war, deployment, and scholary work
Language:
Czech
Description:
Během 2. světové války nastala ve Třetí říši paradoxní situace. Ač nacistická ideologie nastolila ideál ženy jako rodičky a matky, jejíž místo je u domácího krbu, tudíž i její vzdělání má být omezeno na dovednosti spojené s mateřstvím, výchovou dětí a vedením domácnosti, vzhledem k tomu, že mladí muži - tedy i studenti či vědci - museli narukovat, uvolněná místa mohly zaplnit mladé ženy. Studentkám a začínajícím vědeckým pracovnicím se naskytla šance prokázat své schopnosti, získat respekt svých mužských učitelů či nadřízených. Tato studie je sondou do válečné každodennosti a pojednává o zapojení studentek do hospodářských, historických a ''rasových'' vědeckých úkolů Sudetoněmeckého ústavu pro výzkum země a lidu (Sudetendeutsche Anstalt für Landes- und Volksforschung) v Liberci v letech 1942-1943. V deseti tematických komisích SALV se měla pěstovat a rozvíjet smysluplná spolupráce odborníků působících přímo v župě s kolegy z příslušných seminářů a ústavů nejen pražské Německé univerzity, nýbrž i z univerzit v sousedních říšských župách či spřátelených zemích. and A paradoxical situation arose in the Third Reich during the Second World War. Although Nazi ideology presented the ideal woman as a child-bearer and mother, whose place was at the domestic hearth, so even her education was to be limited to skills associated with motherhood, child-rearing and running a household, because young men, including students and scholars, had to enlist, the vacated places could be filled by young women. Female students and neophyte scholars were provided the opportunity to show their abilities, and gain respect among their male teaching colleagues and superiors. This study is a survey of everyday life in the war, focusing on the involvement of female students in economic, historical and ''racial'' scholarly tasks at the Sudeten German Institute for Research on Provincial Characteristics and Folkways (Sudetendeutsche Anstalt für Landes- und Volksforschung) in Liberec during 1942-1943. The ten special-subject commissions at SALV were meant to foster and develop meaningful collaboration between specialists working within the province and colleagues from the relevant seminaries and institutes not only at the German University in Prague, but also from universities in neighbouring Reich provinces and allied lands. Translated by Melvyn Clarke
Rights:
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413. ''It was the poles'' or how Emanuel Ringelblum was instrumentalized by expellees in west Germany: on the history of the book Ghetto Warschau: tagebücher aus dem Chaos

Creator:
Stach, Stephan and Dichelle, David
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
holocaust, Ghetto Warschau, and Emanuel Ringelblum
Language:
English
Description:
The article investigates how the Holocaust distorted and exploited in Cold War debates on the example of genesis and reception of the book Ghetto Warschau. Tagebücher aus dem Chaos [Warsaw Ghetto: Diaries from Chaos]. The book is a translation of the essay Stosunki polsko-żydowskie w czasie drugiej wojny światowej [Polish-Jewish relations during the Second World War], written by the Jewish historian and creator of the underground archive of the Warsaw Ghetto Emanuel Ringelblum while hiding from the German Occupiers in Warsaw in 1944. Ringelblum addressed his essay to the Polish reader discussing the relation of Christian Poles and Polish Jews under German occupation based on his own experience and the material he had collected. It was originally published in several portions in the Bulletin of the Jewish Historical Institute, an early Holocaust Research Center based in Warsaw. The German translation was based on this publication and published in summer 1967 in a Stuttgart-based publishing house. However, the new title, introduced by its German editors, suggested it was Ringelblum’s diary. Above that the blurb and many footnotes highlighted the role of Poles as perpetrators in the Holocaust, while minimizing that of Germans. As the article shows, the book was prepared by the Göttinger Arbeitskreis ostdeutscher Wissenschaftler [Göttingen Working Group of Eastern German Scholars], a Think Tank with close ties to the German expellee community, campaigning for a revision of the Polish western border. Göttinger Arbeitskries used the book and earlier on excerpts of Ringelblum’s text for a smear-campaign in the West-German expellee press. Through the biased presentation and distorted context of the work these former Ostforschers sought to portrait Poles as eternal anti-Semites and the factual perpetrators of the mass murder of Polish and European Jews following their anti-Polish agenda. Polish nationalist within the ruling Polish United Workers Party in turn exploited the book and the campaign based on it, which coincided with the anti-Semitic campaign in Poland. Though the Institute was not involved in the publication of the German book, the Polish national communists accused it of supporting German revisionism and ''Zionists'' abroad in their slander of Poland. and Přeložil: David Dichelle
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

414. ''It will not work without a social policy!'': research on social policy practice on the territory of the protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

Creator:
Šustrová, Radka
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and historiography
Language:
English
Description:
Social policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, from mid-March 1939 to early May 1945, is a key topic in contemporary research on the history of this brief period. The article is concerned with the possible approaches to research with regard to the latest trends in research on National Socialism. It begins with an outline of the historiography of social policy in the Protectorate, which is marked chiefl y by a predominant uniformity of argumentation, a lack of systematic approach to interpretation, and Czech and Czechoslovak historians’ limiting themselves to the ethnically Czech population. Research conducted so far has completely failed to put social policy into the context of social history. The author thus fi rst provides an outline of the social framework, which represents the concept of a Volksgemeinschaft (national/ethnic/racial community), in which ideas about the purpose and function of social policy were formed and implemented. In the next part, she focuses on the defi nition of the term ''social policy'' as understood by Nazi theorists after 1933. In the last part of the article, she seeks to defi ne the new social relations in the CzechGerman environment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and suggests possibilities of its analysis in the area of the implementation of social policy. She believes that it will be fruitful to study the implementation of the relevant criteria in the Reich and the Protectorate at the level of discussions among experts, and to research social policy in practice. The author sees the most important aspects of the implementation of social policy as residing in the various motivations of the regime when implementing social policy in relation to different parts of the population, ranging from social exclusion to forms of social protectionism.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

415. ''Minulost je bitevním polem současníků'': konference k osmdesátinám Viléma Prečana

Creator:
Jiří Hoppe
Format:
print
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Prečan, Vilém, 1933-, historici, jubilejní oslavy, konference, dějiny, jubilee celebration, conference, history, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
Ústav pro soudobé dějiny Akademie věd ČR, v. v. i., byl hlavním pořadatelem konference „Minulost je bitevním polem současníků“, která se konala ve dnech 24. a 25. ledna 2013 u příležitosti osmdesátých narozenín historika Viléma Prečana, prvního ředitele ústavu a současného předsedy správní rady Československého dokumentačního střediska. Pracovní program konference se odbýval v pražském Černínském paláci, společenský večer v Muzeu hudby mělo v režii Národní muzeum. Autor přibližuje všechny referáty přednesené v pěti konferenčních blocích a závěrem nechává zaznít v delší citaci slova, v nichž se nad některými příspěvky a tématy konference zamyslel Vilém Prečan., Organized chiefly by the Institute of Contemporary History, Prague, a conference, ‘The Past is the Battlefield of the Our Contemporaries’, was held in the Czernin Palais, Prague, on 24 and 25 January 2013, to mark the eightieth birthday of the historian Vilém Prečan, the first director of the Institute and the current Chairman of the Board of the Czechoslovak Documentation Centre. The conference was accompanied by an evening of music and a buffet dinner at the Museum of Music, organized by the National Museum, Prague. The author reports here on all the papers given in the five conference blocks, and concludes with a long quotation of Vilém Prečan’s views on some of the papers and topics presented at the conference., and Jiří Hoppe.
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416. ''Miř přesněji!'': korejská válka jako černý bod socialistického realismu

Creator:
Vít Schmarc
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
korejská válka (1950-1953), socialistický realismus (literatura), média, Korean War (1950-1953), socialist realism (literature), media, 8, and 93/94
Language:
Czech
Description:
Studie zkoumá reprezentaci korejské války jakožto zásadní události v tištěných médiích a literatuře československého stalinismu v letech 1950 až 1952. Zaměřuje se na specifika mechanismu produkování obrazu „nepřítele“ a „nepřátelského“ prostoru, analyzuje i vzájemnou interakci dobové publicistiky a poezie. Rozebírá klíčové fenomény, které tvoří pilíř dobového obrazu korejské války (figura vůdce, mytologie původu „nepřítele“) a usouvztažňuje je s obecnějšími mechanismy vytváření skutečnosti v první polovině padesátých let dvacátého století. Poukazuje přitom na vzájemné propojení a ovlivňování vyhrocené propagandistické rétoriky a básnické obraznosti. Studie materiálově čerpá z básnických sbírek, které obsahují verše reagující na válku v Koreji, z příležitostných básní, publicistických článků a karikatur publikovaných především na stránkách deníku Rudé právo a týdeníku Tvorba. Metodologicky navazuje na výzkumy ideologie jako systému reprezentace reálných podmínek existence (Louis Althusser, Slavoj Žižek) a na sémiotické analýzy kultury a společnosti období stalinismu (Vladimír Macura), které poukazují na velmi aktivní a produktivní vztah literatury a moci, jenž tvoří samotnou podstatu socialistického realismu jako systému (Katerina Clarková, Jevgenij Dobrenko)., This article explores the representation of the Korean War as a fundamental event in the print media and belles-lettres of Stalinist Czechoslovakia from 1950 to 1952. It focuses on the special features of the mechanism of producing the image of the ‘enemy’ and the ‘hostile’ space, as well as analysing the interaction of period journalism and poetry. The author analyses the central phenomena, which created a cornerstone of the contemporaneous image of the Korean War (the figure of the leader and the mythology of the origin of the ‘enemy’), and correlates them with more general mechanisms of creating reality in the first half of the 1950s. He also points out the interlinkage and mutual influences of the pointed propagandistic rhetoric and poetic imagery. The article draws on collections of verse, which contain poems reacting to the war in Korea, and on occasional poems, journalism, and caricatures published mainly in the daily Rudé právo and the weekly Tvorba. In method, the article is in the tradition of research on ideology as a system of representing the real conditions of existence (as in the work of Louis Althusser and Slavoj Žižek) and the tradition of semiotic analysis of culture and society in the Stalinist period (as in the work of Vladimír Macura), identifying the very active, productive relationship between literature and the powers that be, which creates the very essence of socialist realism as a system (as discussed by Katerina Clark and Evgeny Dobrenko)., Vít Schmarc., and Obsahuje bibliografii
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417. ''Persons'' and persons

Creator:
Snowdon, Paul
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
P. F. Strawson, Dualism, No-ownership theory, the concept of a person, primitive concepts, and the generality of predicates
Language:
Slovak
Description:
In chapter 3 of Individuals, entitled ''Persons'', Strawson argues against dualism and the no-ownership theory, and proposes instead that our concept of a person is a primitive concept. In this paper, it is argued that the basic questions that frame Strawson’s discussion, and some of his main arguments and claims, are dubious. A general diagnosis of the source of these problems is proposed. It is argued that despite these problems Strawson gives an accurate and very insightful description of the way we think about ourselves, which should form the starting point for more speculative accounts of ourselves., V kapitole 3 Jednotlivci, nazvané ,,Osoby'', Strawson argumentuje proti dualismu a teorii ne-vlastnictví a místo toho navrhuje, aby naše pojetí člověka bylo primitivním pojmem. V tomto příspěvku se argumentuje tím, že základní otázky, které tvoří rámec Strawsonovy diskuse, a některé z jeho hlavních argumentů a tvrzení, jsou pochybné. Navrhuje se obecná diagnostika zdroje těchto problémů. Tvrdí se, že navzdory těmto problémům poskytuje Strawson přesný a velmi bystrý popis způsobu, jakým přemýšlíme o sobě, který by měl být výchozím bodem pro spekulativnější účty o sobě., and Paul Snowdon
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421. ''Vergangenheitsbewältigung'' po česku: holokaust v českém samizdatu

Creator:
Peter Hallama and Petr Dvořáček
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Šimečka, Milan, 1930-1990, 20. století, historiografie, holocaust (1939-1945), samizdat, historiography, Československo, Czechoslovakia, 8, and 93/94
Language:
Czech
Description:
a1_Původní verze tohoto článku vyšla pod názvem ''Vergangenheitsbewältigung’ auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat'' ve sborníku pod redakcí Petera Hallamy a Stephana Stacha Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäischen Dissens (Leipzig, Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, s. 237-260). Autor analyzuje reflexi holokaustu v literatuře českého disentu vydávané samizdatem v sedmdesátých a osmdesátých letech minulého století. Zaměřuje se především na historické práce, sleduje ale i publicistické příspěvky, memoárová a beletristická díla stejně jako překladové publikace. Konkrétně se článek soustředí na dva aspekty, které dobře ukazují, jak obtížné bylo - a stále ještě je - plně integrovat holokaust do českých národních dějin. Zaprvé, holokaust byl v disentu často pojímán jako důkaz nehumánní povahy totalitních režimů. Avšak tento výklad vedl k tomu, že pronásledování Židů (nacistickým režimem) se ocitalo na stejné úrovni jako perzekuce Čechů (nacistickým, ale i komunistickým režimem). Zadruhé, pokud docházelo k přehodnocování nebo zpochybňování české národní metanarace, témata jako domácí antisemitismus nebo holokaust bývala v těchto případech ignorována., a2_Disidenti připouštěli, že otázka viny (Schuldfrage) se sice týká i Československa, avšak vztahovali ji na vyhnání německé menšiny po druhé světové válce. Naopak téma holokaustu mezi disidenty žádnou podobnou debatu nevyvolalo. Chování Čechů během druhé světové války, postoj k Židům a domácí antisemitismus tak nebyly vůbec zpochybňovány. Z tohoto důvodu byl podle autora holokaust v pracích věnovaných českým dějinám dvacátého století spíše přehlížen, nebo v lepším případě jen sporadicky zmiňován, ať již tyto texty vycházely oficiálně, nebo samizdatem., This is a Czech translation of ''Vergangenheitsbewältigung'' auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat" which is published in Peter Hallama and Stephan Stach (eds.), Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäichen Dissens (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, pp. 237-60). The author analyses representations of the Holocaust in Czech dissent literature published as samizdat in the 1970s and 1980s. He concentrates on historical writings, but also considers journalistic contributions, memoirs, and works of belles-lettres, as well as translations of publications. In particular, the article considers two aspects that highlight the difficulties one faced and continues to face when trying to fully integrate the Holocaust into Czech national history. First, the Holocaust was often understood by the dissidents as evidence of the inhuman nature of totalitarian regimes. This interpretations, however, led to placing the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi regime on the same level as the persecution of the Czechs by the Nazi and Communist regimes. Second, if there was a reassessment or questioning to the Czech national master narrative, then topics such as home-grown antisemitism or the Holocaust were not addressed. The dissidents admitted that Czechoslovakia also had its question of guilt, but they related it to the expulsion of the German minority after the Second World War. The Holocaust, by contrats, did not generate any similar debate among the dissidents. The behaviour of Czechs during the Second World War, the attitude towards Jews, and domestic antisemitism were thus not questioned at all. The Holocaust has, according to the author, therefore tended to be overlooked or, at best, mentioned only incidentally in writing about twentieth-century Czech history - whether the authors published their texts in state-owned publishing houses or in samizdat., Peter Hallama ; Z němčiny přeložil Petr Dvořáček., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
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422. ''You have to fight the struggle yourselves'': the political role of the Soviet Army and its local allies in ''Normalization'' of Czechoslovakia (1968-1969)

Creator:
Černá, Marie and Medková, Blanka
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Czechoslovakia, Prague Spring, and Soviet invasion
Language:
English
Description:
The study deals with political activities of the Soviet Army in Czechoslovakia after the intervention on August 21, 1968, and its sympathizers from the ranks of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The authoress examines the topic in the early stage of the so-called normalization (until the spring of 1970), focusing on the local level; however, she sets her research into a broader period context and derives general conclusions from its results. Although the offi cial agreement on the temporary stay of Soviet troops in the territory of Czechoslovakia declared that the Soviet Army should not interfere with domestic affairs of the Czechoslovak state, the Soviet leadership kept devising plans how to make use of the presence of Soviet troops for political purposes. Soviet offi cers participated in the dissemination of Soviet propaganda, established contacts with local anti-reform party offi cials, spoke at their forums, complained about hostile attitudes of Czechoslovak political bodies, and thus kept pressing for a legitimization of the political arrangements. The authoress shows that local pro-Soviet activists, who had maintained contacts with the Soviet Army from the very beginning and been taking over its political agenda, were playing a crucial role in the success of these efforts. In line with Soviet intentions, they were implementing the normalization process ''from below'',initiating purges in various organs, demanding the dismissal of offi cials protesting against presence of the Soviet Army, participating in the subsequent political vetting. They were actively pushing through a change of the offi cial approach to the Soviet Army and helped break its boycott by the Czechoslovak society, which had initially been almost unanimous. In doing so, they were making use of their personal contacts to organize manifestation ''friendship'' meetings and visits of Soviet soldiers to Czechoslovak schools and factories. The authoress analyzes the reasons of the attitude of these activists, most of whom came from the ranks of ''old'' (pre-war) and ''distinguished'' members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and illustrates the development outlined above by specifi c examples. By way of conclusion, she notes that, although different forms of the CzechoslovakSoviet ''friendship'' since 1968 are often viewed as mere formalistic acts without any deeper meaning at the level of ''lived'' experience, they were, from the viewpoint of the Soviet policy, well thought-out and centrally planned propagandistic activities which contributed to the promotion of the Soviet interpretation of the Prague Spring and the Soviet invasion and discredited its opponents. and Přeložila Blanka Medková
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423. ''Zlatá éra'', nebo jen ''sladké intermezzo'' české sociologie?

Creator:
Miloslav Petrusek
Format:
print
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
1918-1939, sociologie, sociology, 8, and 93/94
Language:
Czech
Description:
Autor v těchto prvních dějinách české a slovenské sociologie v období od jejích počátků do roku 1948 podle recenzenta výtečně kombinuje historický nadhled, archivní bádání a mimořádnou píli se sociologickým porozuměním. Za její podstatné klady považuje čtivé podání a maximálně možnou objektivitu, ale také faktografické bohatství a spolehlivost. Zároveň se recenzent zamýšlí nad smyslem psaní dějin české sociologie jako společenské vědy, která znamenala ve světovém měřítku v zásadě jen minimální přínos. and [autor recenze] Miloslav Petrusek.
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424. ''Znovunalezené'' Dodatky k Příručnímu slovníku jazyka českého

Creator:
Dvořáčková, Věra and Zlatník, Hynek
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Addenda to the Desk Dictionary of the Czech Language, Institute for the Czech Language, and lexicography
Language:
Czech
Description:
Dodatky k Příručnímu slovníku jazyka českého, které nebyly nikdy knižně vydány, se v roce 2011 (55 let od vydání posledního dílu PSJČ) dočkaly svého zveřejnění. Rukopis byl vyhledán v Archivu AV ČR, odkud se nakrátko vrátil zpátky do Ústavu pro jazyk český, a byl převeden do elektronické podoby. Do rukopisu, který se nachází ve formě jednotlivých lístků s heslovými slovy, nebylo přitom nijak obsahově zasahováno, a tak se zájemci mohou na stránkách ÚJČ AV ČR, v. v. i. (http://bara.ujc.cas.cz/bara/) seznámit s původní nedokončenou podobou Dodatků. Dodatky (ostatně jako celý PSJČ) se materiálově opíraly o lístkový lexikální archiv ÚJČ, zvláště o jeho druhou vrstvu, z níž vycházel i první normativní slovník češtiny Slovník spisovného jazyka českého. Četné shody s heslářem SSJČ byly jedním hlavních důvodů, proč Dodatky nakonec nikdy nevyšly. Jejich existence je nicméně významná zejména tím, že věrně ilustrují podobu českého lexika druhé poloviny čtyřicátých a takřka celých padesátých let, včetně mnohých neologismů, jež se do SSJČ pro svou krátkou životnost nedostaly a které (z lingvistického hlediska) dotvářejí komplexní obraz celospolečenských změn v Československu té doby., Addenda to Příruční slovník jazyka českého (''Desk Dictionary of the Czech Language'') that had never been printed were published in 2011, 55 years after the issue of the last volume of the Dictionary. The manuscript was found in the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and was temporarily transferred back to Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR (Institute for the Czech Language ASCR) to be converted into digital form. No modifications at all were made to the manuscript, consisting of cards with headwords, and the public may use the original incomplete work of the Addenda at the website of the Institute for the Czech Language at http://bara.ujc.cas.cz/bara/. The Addenda, just like the entire Dictionary, were based on the lexical archive of the Institute in the form of cards, especially the second layer on which the standardising Czech dictionary, Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (Dictionary of the Standardised Czech Language), was based. Numerous conformities with the headword base of the Standardised Language dictionary were one of the main reasons the Addenda were never published. However, their existence is important especially because they are a credible description of the Czech lexicon of the latter half of the 1940’s and almost the whole of the 1950’s, including many neologisms which were not included in the Standardised Language dictionary as they were only in use for a short time and which, from the linguistic point of view, help to provide a comprehensive picture of the major social changes under way in Czechoslovakia at that time.(Translated by Hynek Zlatník.), and Překlad resumé: Hynek Zlatník
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425. ‘Boys don’t cry’ - an ambiguous statement?

Creator:
Felka, Katharina
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
generics, normative generics, semantics-pragmatics interface, and conversational implicatures
Language:
Slovak
Description:
As has often been observed in the literature, an utterance of a generic such as ‘Boys don’t cry’ can convey a normative behavioral rule that applies to boys, roughly: that boys shouldn’t cry. This observation has led many authors to the claim that generics are ambiguous: they allow both for a descriptive as well as a normative reading. The present paper argues against this common assumption: it argues that the observation in question should be addressed at the level of pragmatics, rather than at the level of semantics. In particular, the paper argues that the normative force of utterances of generics results from the presence of a conversational implicature. This result should somewhat alleviate the task of finding a proper semantic analysis of generics since it shows that at least one of their intriguing features need not be reflected in their truth-conditions.
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427. ‘Generation Rent’ and intergenerational relations in the era of housing financialisation

Creator:
Ronald, Richard
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
intergenerational inequality, rental, homeownership, and Japan
Language:
English
Description:
Homeownership has been in decline in a number of developed societies since the early 2000s driven, primarily, by declining entry among younger households who have been increasingly pushed into the rental sector. This trend has been associated with a growing intergenerational divide, or even conflict, and the emergence of ‘Generation Rent’. This paper explores the conditions surrounding diminishing access to owner-occupation among new households with a focus on the historic maturation of homeownership sectors, the restructuring of the political economy (financialization) around housing wealth and the inter-cohort dynamics surrounding the accumulation and transfer of housing wealth. The paper takes an international perspective drawing on evidence from two parallel, but contrasting cases: Japan and the UK. The analysis illustrates the interrelatedness of interand intra-generational inequalities, with the former reinforcing the latter. It also focuses on the role of families as both a moderator of generational inequity at the micro level as well as an enhancer of socioeconomic inequalities overall.
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429. ‘The social managers are back in town’: the challenges of housing management in a residualised public housing sector

Creator:
Costarelli, Igor
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
housing management, residualisation, tenant participation, welfare policy, and Italy
Language:
English
Description:
The residualisation of social housing sectors requires housing managers to intensify social management activities aimed at promoting tenants’ wellbeing and social cohesion. This paper discusses the implementation of such activities in the Italian public housing sector. It juxtaposes the vision conceptualised at the policy level with the daily activities of housing managers in practice on the ground and highlights the gaps between policy goals and realities of tenants’ involvement. While social management activities are expected to contribute to breaking the vicious circle of financial, technical, and social decline that has long affected public housing estates, the short timeframe of the planned interventions raises the question of the potential for structural change.
Rights:
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430. ‘They seemed like super businessmen’: financial instruments in social housing policy

Creator:
Čada, Karel
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
poverty neighbourhoods, social housing, financialisation, and Czech Republic
Language:
English
Description:
This article explores the trajectory of so-called guaranteed social housing in the Czech Republic as an example of penetrating financial instruments into the public policy realm. The project, promoted by the government’s Agency for Social Inclusion, was intended to encourage private landlords to rent their properties to people in need through commercial insurance against the risk of rent defaults. Using policy documents, media and interviews with governmental officers, the article describes the performative strength of financial instruments in the sphere traditionally occupied by the welfare state. In financialisation literature, the proliferation of financial instruments is often described as a one-way process in which these instruments colonise public domains. However, the empirical case discussed in the article shows that this process is much more complex and contingent, and financial instruments are not used as the best option but rather as a last resort in a situation marked by weak policies.
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433. (Copernican) Experiences and the (Copernican) Bible in Galileo’s Letter to Castelli

Creator:
Vesel, Matjaž
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
teorie vědy, theory of science, Galileo, dopis Castellimu, heliocentrismus, biblická hermeneutika, zkoumání přírody, Letter to Castelli, heliocentrism, Biblical hermeneutics, natural investigation, 12, and 00
Language:
Czech
Description:
Článek se zaměřuje na Galileův Dopis Castellimu z  21.  prosince 1613. Autor analyzuje Galileovy hermeneutické principy představené v první části dopisu (bible by měla být vyloučena ze zkoumání přírody) a jeho doslovnou interpretaci pasáže z  knihy Jozue (10: 12–13), v  duchu kopernikanismu, která se objevuje ve druhé části dopisu. Zdá se, že Galileo užívá bibli jako vědeckou autoritu a  na  podporu svých kopernikánských názorů, a  tak se ocitá v  rozporu se svými vlastními hermeneutickými principy. Autor tvrdí, že Galileovo stanovisko je konzistentní, zvláště pokud se vezme v  úvahu historický kontext jeho vzniku, tj. kontext stálých, teologicky motivovaných útoků na  Koperníka, Galilea a  jeho věrnost heliocentrickému systému světa (pohyb Země odporuje bibli) a  kontext jeho nedávných teleskopických pozorování a objevů., The article focuses on Galileo’s Letter to Castelli, 21 December 1613. The author analyzes Galileo’s hermeneutical principles established in the first part of the letter (the Bible should be excluded from natural investigation) and his literal interpretation of the passage from the Book of Joshua 10, 12–13, in Copernican terms, in the second part of the letter. Galileo appears to use the Bible as a scientific authority, supporting his Copernican views, and thus he seems to contradict his own hermeneutical principles. The author argues that Galileo’s position is consistent, especially if one takes into account the historical context of its genesis, that is, in the context of the constant, theologically-inspired attacks on Copernicus and Galileo and his commitment to the heliocentric world system (the movement of the earth contradicts the Bible) and in the context of his newly-made telescopic observations and discoveries., and Matjaž Vesel.
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434. (Far) Outside the box: Genomic approach to acute porphyria

Creator:
Thunell, S.
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Acute porphyria, Acute attack, ALAS1, Caffeine, CAR, Fasting, FOXO, Ghrelin GR, HCC, HPA-axis, HNF4, Infection, Inflammation, Leptin, Nicotine, PGC1 alpha, Review, Stress, Steroid, Smoking, STAT5, Pathophysiology, PXR, Sex hormone, Steroids, Transactivation, and Trauma
Language:
English
Description:
The question of the reasons for the extreme variation in morbidity among the gene carriers of acute porphyria and the great diversity of the precipitating factors are approached by the aid of a model of interacting genomic circuits. It is based on the current paradigm of the acute porphyric attack as a result of a toxic proximal overload of the enzyme- deficient heme-biosynthetic patway. Porphyrogenic influx of precursors is seen as a consequence of uncontrolled induction of its gate-keeping enzyme, ubiquitous 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS1), due to attenuated post-translational control of the enzyme combined with activated gene transcription. Focus is directed on the genomic control of the master-regulator of ALAS1-transcription, the nuclear receptor pair constitutively active receptor (CAR) and pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR). On activation by their ligands, i.e. lipophilic drugs, solvents, alcohols, hormonal steroids and biocides, these DNA-binding proteins transform xenobiotic or steroid stimuli to coordinated activations of gene transcription-programs for ALAS1 and apo-cytochromes P450 (apo-CYPs), thus effecting the formation of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. The potency of the CAR/PXR-transduction axis is enhanced by co-activators generated in at least four other genomic circuits, each triggered by different external and internal stimuli clinically experienced to be porphyroge nic, and each controlled by co-activating and co-repressing modulators. The expressions of the genes for CAR and PXR are thus augmented by binding glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activated by a steroid hormone, e.g, cortisol generated in fasting, infection or different forms of stress. The promotor regions of ALAS1 and apoCYPs contain binding sites for at least three co-activating transcription factors enhancing CAR/PXR transduction: i.e. the ligand-independent growth hormone (GH)-pulse controlled hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4), the insulin-responsive forkhead box class O-(FOXO) protein pathway activated in stress and infection, and the proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 al pha (PGC-1alpha) circuit responding to glucagon liberated in fasting. Many interactions and cross-talk take place within the tangle of genomic circuits that control ALAS1-transcription, which may explain the extreme inter- and intra-individual variability in morbidity in acute porphyria. Reasons for gender-differences are found in sex-dependent control of HPA- and GH-activity as well as in direct, or GR-mediated effects on CAR/PCR activation. Constitutional differences in individual porphyric morbidity may be discussed along lines of mutations or duplications of genes for co-activating or co-repressing nuclear proteins active at different levels within the circuits.
Rights:
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435. (M)any Questions?: a comparison of the use of questions in Wittgenstein’s first 37 paragraphs of philosophical investigations with Austin’s essay ''The meaning of a word''

Creator:
Fajmon, Blahoslav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
academic, Austin, pedagogical, philosophical investigations, philosophy, questions, response, stylistic, ''The meaning of a word'', typology, Wittgenstein, and writing style
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Wittgenstein’s approach to philosophy is closely related not only to the content but also to the form of his investigations. The following paper presents the uniqueness of Wittgenstein’s writing style, namely his use of questions, by comparing part of his work with Austin’s essay. For this purpose a typology of questions with regard to their function in the text is established and applied. The difference between Wittgenstein’s and Austin’s writing style is then documented by the frequency of certain types of questions, and omission of others, and related to some of Wittgenstein’s remarks about his approach to philosophical inquiry. The difference is then summarized tentatively as one between ''pedagogical'' and ''academic'' writing style, which poses questions concerning the translation of Wittgenstein’s investigations into academic prose., Wittgensteinův přístup k filozofii úzce souvisí nejen s obsahem, ale také s formou jeho vyšetřování. Následující článek prezentuje jedinečnost Wittgensteinova stylu psaní, konkrétně jeho použití otázek, porovnáním části jeho práce s Austinovým esejem. Pro tento účel je zavedena a aplikována typologie otázek s ohledem na jejich funkci v textu. Rozdíl mezi Wittgensteinovým a Austinovým stylem psaní je pak dokumentován četností určitých typů otázek a opomenutím druhých a je spojen s některými Wittgensteinovými poznámkami o jeho přístupu k filosofickému zkoumání. Rozdíl je pak předběžně shrnut jako ,,pedagogický'' a ,,akademický'' styl psaní, který představuje otázky týkající se překladu Wittgensteinových výzkumů do akademické prózy., and Blahoslav Fajmon
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

436. (Mock-)thinking about the Same

Creator:
Voltolini, Alberto
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
intentional contents, intentional identity, intentional objects, and schematic objects
Language:
Slovak
Description:
In this paper, I want to address once more the venerable problem of intentional identity, the problem of how different thoughts can be about the same thing even if this thing does not exist. First, I will try to show that antirealist approaches to this problem are doomed to fail. For they ultimately share a problematic assumption, namely that thinking about something involves identifying it. Second, I will claim that once one rejects this assumption and holds instead that thoughts are constituted either by what they are about, their intentional objects, or by what determines their proposition-like intentional contents, one can address the problem of intentional identity in a different way. One can indeed provide a new solution to it that basically relies on two factors: a) what sort of metaphysical nature intentional objects effectively possess, once they are conceived as schematic objects à la Crane (2001, 2013); b) whether such objects really belong to the overall ontological inventory of what there is., According to this solution, two thoughts are about the same nonexistent intentional object iff i) that object satisfies the identity criterion for objects of that metaphysical kind and ii) objects of that kind belong to the overall ontological inventory of what there is, independently of whether they exist (in a suitable first-order sense of existence). As such, this solution is neither realist nor antirealist: only if condition ii) is satisfied, different thoughts can be about the same nonexistent intentionale; otherwise, they are simply constituted by the same intentional content (provided that this content is not equated with that intentionale). Third, armed with this solution, I will hold that one can find a suitable treatment of the specific and related problem of whether different people may mock-think about the same thing, even if there really is no such thing. Finally, I will try to show that this treatment can be also applied to the case in which different thoughts are, according to phenomenology, about the same intentionale and yet this intentionale is of a kind such that there really are no things of that kind. For in this case, such thoughts are about the same intentionale only fictionally., V tomto příspěvku se chci znovu zabývat úctyhodným problémem úmyslné identity , problémem toho, jak mohou být různé myšlenky ohledně stejné věci, i když tato věc neexistuje. Za prvé se pokouším ukázat, že protirealistické přístupy k tomuto problému jsou odsouzeny k selhání. Jelikož nakonec sdílejí problematický předpoklad, totiž že myšlení na něco zahrnuje identifikaci . Za druhé, budem tvrdit, že jakmile jeden odmítne tento předpoklad a místo toho tvrdí, že myšlenky jsou tvořeny buď tím, o čem jsou, jejich záměrnými objekty , nebo tím, co určuje jejich úmyslný obsah, lze řešit problém úmyslné identity jiným způsobem. Jeden může opravdu nabídnout nové řešení, které se v podstatě opírá o dva faktory: a) jaký druh metafyzické přírody úmyslné objekty účinně mají, jakmile jsou koncipovány jako schematické objekty à laJeřáb (2001, 2013); b) zda takové předměty skutečně patří do celkového ontologického inventáře toho, co existuje., Podle tohoto řešení jsou dvě myšlenky o stejném neexistujícím úmyslném předmětu, pokud i) tento objekt splňuje kritérium totožnosti pro objekty tohoto metafyzického druhu a ii) předměty tohoto druhu patří k celkové ontologické inventáři toho, co existuje, nezávisle na tom, zda existují (ve vhodném prvotřídním smyslu existence). Jako takové není toto řešení realistické ani nerealistické: pouze pokud je podmínka ii) uspokojena, různé myšlenky mohou být o stejném neexistujícím úmyslu ; jinak jsou prostě tvořeny stejným záměrným obsahem (za předpokladu, že tento obsah není v souladu s touto záměrností). Zatřetí, vyzbrojené tímto řešením, domnívám se, že lze nalézt vhodnou léčbu konkrétního a souvisejícího problému, zda se mohou lidé rozmýšlet o tom samém, i když v takovém případě skutečně neexistuje. A konečně se pokouším ukázat, že toto zacházení lze aplikovat také na případ, kdy jsou různé myšlenky podle fenomenologie stejné záměrné a přesto je tento záměr takový, že takové věci skutečně neexistují. V takovém případě jsou takové myšlenky o stejné úmyslnosti jen smyšlené., and Alberto Voltolini
Rights:
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437. (Ne)jistá spojenectví kulturní antropologie a feministického myšlení

Creator:
Hasmanová Marhánková, Jaroslava
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Feminist anthropology, anthropology of women, gender, patriarchy, and postmodern anthropology
Language:
Czech
Description:
The paper discusses the history of the relation between feminist scholarship and cultural anthropology as two ways of thinking about culture and social relationships. It focuses in particular on the feminist critique of the anthropological theory and ethnographic research. In points out the different epistemological and political standpoints of feminism and anthropology as the sources of the tensioned relationship between these two traditions of thinking about culture.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

438. (Ne)očekávané výsledky studie EMPA-REG OUTCOME™

Creator:
Slíva, Jiří
Format:
print, text, and regular print
Type:
model:article, article, Text, zprávy, and TEXT
Subject:
lidé, randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma, multicentrické studie jako téma, dvojitá slepá metoda, benzhydrylové sloučeniny--aplikace a dávkování, glukosidy--aplikace a dávkování, aplikace orální, hypoglykemika, diabetes mellitus 2. typu--farmakoterapie, kardiovaskulární nemoci--mortalita--prevence a kontrola, and empagliflozin
Language:
Czech
Description:
Jiří Slíva
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

439. (Ne)přizpůsobeni krizi, nezpůsobilí občanství? "Postižení" a "rasa" v diskursech krize

Creator:
Kolářová, Kateřina
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
sociologie, crisis, post-political, intersectional feminist theory, dis/ability, race, discourses of (mal)adjustment, social welfare, 18, and 316
Language:
Czech
Description:
Interrogating the austerity measures introduced by the Czech government under the Prime Ministry of Petr Nečas (2010–2013), this essay wishes to highlight the importance of the translations of the political into the registry of morality, which Chantal Mouffe identifies as features of post-politics, for (re)establishment of social hierarchies and inequalities based in difference. In particular, I demonstrate the strategic importance of “disability” and the racialised concept of “maladaptation” for such post-political reformulations of the political and normative outlines of abled citizenship. After mapping out the ideological deployment of the idea of crisis for the ethics of austerity, the essay concludes by posing questions about possible limits and drawbacks of relying upon crisis as a trope of intersectional feminist critique., Kateřína Kolářová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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440. (Ne)známý mecenáš z Akademie

Creator:
Marina Hužvárová
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce, Rákos, Stanislav, věda, rozhovor, science, 12, and 00
Language:
Czech
Description:
„Mecenáš věnoval jmění pražské ZOO,“ proletěla před dvěma lety jako blesk tiskem zpráva o daru v hodnotě více než 50 milionů od Stanislava Rákose, kterého znali hlavne chovatelé exotických ptáků doma i v zahraničí. Byl totiž nejen chovatelem a činovníkem chovatelského klubu, ale také vynikajícím organizátorem výstav a mezinárodních setkání. Právě on stál např. u zrodu tradice vyhlášené výstavy exotů v Botanické zahradě PřF UK Na Slupi. Některá média připodobnila dárce třeba k zakladateli „Nadace Bohuslava Jana Horáčka Českému ráji“ (viz např. AB 1/2006), nikde však nepadla ani zmínka, že Stanislav Rákos pracoval dlouhá leta v Akademii věd. To mi prozradil ředitel Ústavu teoretické a aplikované mechaniky AV ČR prof. Miloš Drdácký, s nímž jsme také navštívili mecenášovu životní souputnici paní Ludmilu Rákosovou. and Marina Hužvárová.
Rights:
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442. (Ovo-)viviparity in the darkling beetle, Alegoria castelnaui (Tenebrioninae: Ulomini), from Guadeloupe

Creator:
Dutrillaux , Anne Marie, Pluot-Sigwalt, Dominique , and Dutrillaux, Bernard
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Ulomini, Alegoria castelnaui, Guadeloupe, chromosomes, and (ovo-)viviparity
Language:
English
Description:
In the course of cytogenetic studies on Alegoria castelnaui Fleutiaux & Sallé 1889 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Tenebrioninae: Ulomini) from Guadeloupe, a number of adult specimens were dissected. A larva was found in the abdomens of almost all of the females. The karyotype, 20,XX / 20,Xyp, and the presence of heterochromatin at multiple chromosomal locations, of the larvae and adults were similar, which excludes parasitism and indicates viviparous reproduction. The adverse habitat of the adults, i.e., putrid and fermenting pseudo-stems of banana trees rather than geo-climatic conditions, may explain the occurrence of viviparity in this species. This is the first example of (ovo-)viviparity in the Ulomini tribe and among New World Tenebrionidae. A. castelnaui is regularly collected on banana trees infested with the weevil Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, 1824, a major pest of banana trees around the word. The coexistence of these two species on banana trees may be coincidental but another Ulomini species, Eutochia pulla Erichson 1843, is described as an egg predator of C. sordidus in Africa and therefore, A. castelnaui could also be a predator of this pest.
Rights:
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443. (Post)socialističtí ekonomové jako objekt historického zkoumání: současný stav bádání a perspektivy

Creator:
Václav Rameš
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
ekonomie a politika, ekonomové, ekonomická transformace, economics and politics, economists, economic transformation, 8, and 93/94
Language:
Czech
Description:
Článek se zabývá dosavadním stavem bádání v oblasti dějin ekonomické vědy a činnosti československých ekonomů v období socialismu. Podává přehled o základních příspěvcích k tomuto tématu od počátku devadesátých let jak domácího, tak zahraničního původu. Detailněji se pak věnuje pracím Johanny Bockmanové, Jiřího Suka a Gila Eyala, zmiňuje taktéž nejnovější výzkumné projekty, které se tímto tématem zabývají. Závěrem autor nabízí přehled dostupných pramenů (archivních dokumentů i publikovaných pamětí), kterých lze využít k dalšímu výzkumu., The article examines the current state of research in the field of the history of economic sciences and activities of Czechoslovak economists in the era of socialism. It provides an overview of basic contributions, both domestic and foreign, on this topic since the 1990s, examining works of Johanna Bockman, Jiří Suk and Gil Eyal in a greater detail. It also mentions the latest research projects concerning this topic. In the end, the author offers a list of available sources (archival documents and published memoirs) which can be used in future research., Václav Rameš., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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444. (Pro)renin receptor contributes to hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis and autophagy in myocardial cells via the β-catenin signaling pathway

Creator:
Gao, Xin, Zhang, Shenglin, Wang, Dongxia, Cheng, Yunpeng, Jiang, Yinong, and Liu , Yan
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
PRR, hypoxia/reoxygenation, apoptosis, autophagy, and β-catenin signaling pathway
Language:
English
Description:
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) contributes to regulating many physiological and pathological processes; however, the role of PRR-mediated signaling pathways in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) remains unclear. In this study, we used an in vitro model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) to mimic IRI and carried out PRR knockdown by siRNA and PRR overexpression using cDNA in H9c2 cells. Cell proliferation activity was examined by MTT and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. Apoptosis-related factors, autophagy markers and β-catenin pathway activity were assessed by real-time PCR and western blotting. After 24 h of hypoxia followed by 2 h of reoxygenation, the expression levels of PRR, LC3B-I/II, Beclin1, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and Bax were upregulated, suggesting that apoptosis and autophagy were increased in H9c2 cells. Contrary to the effects of PRR downregulation, the overexpression of PRR inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, increased the expression of pro-apoptotic factors and autophagy markers, and promoted activation of the β-catenin pathway. Furthermore, all these effects were reversed by treatment with the β-catenin antagonist DKK-1. Thus, we concluded that PRR activation can trigger H/R-induced apoptosis and autophagy in H9c2 cells through the β-catenin signaling pathway, which may provide new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of myocardial IRI.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

447. (Strongly) Gorenstein injective modules over upper triangular matrix Artin algebras

Creator:
Wang, Chao and Yang, Xiaoyan
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
matematika, mathematics, (strongly) Gorenstein injective module, upper triangular matrix Artin algebra, triangulated category, recollement, 13, and 51
Language:
English
Description:
Let $\Lambda=\left(\begin{smallmatrix} A&M 0&B \end{smallmatrix}\right)$ be an Artin algebra. In view of the characterization of finitely generated Gorenstein injective $\Lambda$-modules under the condition that $M$ is a cocompatible $(A,B)$-bimodule, we establish a recollement of the stable category $\overline{\rm Ginj(\Lambda)}$. We also determine all strongly complete injective resolutions and all strongly Gorenstein injective modules over $\Lambda$., Chao Wang, Xiaoyan Yang., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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491. 0-distributive posets

Creator:
Mokbel, Khalid A. and Kharat, Vilas S.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
0-distributive poset, ideal, semiprime ideal, prime ideal, semiatom, and semiatomic 0-distributive poset
Language:
English
Description:
Several characterizations of 0-distributive posets are obtained by using the prime ideals as well as the semiprime ideals. It is also proved that if every proper l-filter of a poset is contained in a proper semiprime filter, then it is 0-distributive. Further, the concept of a semiatom in 0-distributive posets is introduced and characterized in terms of dual atoms and also in terms of maximal annihilator. Moreover, semiatomic 0-distributive posets are defined and characterized. It is shown that a 0-distributive poset P is semiatomic if and only if the intersection of all non dense prime ideals of P equals (0]. Some counterexamples are also given.
Rights:
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492. 0-ideals in 0-distributive posets

Creator:
Mokbel, Khalid A.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
0-distributive poset, 0-ideal, α-ideal, prime ideal, semiprime ideal, and dense ideal
Language:
English
Description:
The concept of a 0-ideal in 0-distributive posets is introduced. Several properties of 0-ideals in 0-distributive posets are established. Further, the interrelationships between 0-ideals and α-ideals in 0-distributive posets are investigated. Moreover, a characterization of prime ideals to be 0-ideals in 0-distributive posets is obtained in terms of non-dense ideals. It is shown that every 0-ideal of a 0-distributive meet semilattice is semiprime. Several counterexamples are discussed.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

497. 1-Cocycles on the group of contactomorphisms on the supercircle S1|3 generalizing the Schwarzian derivative

Creator:
Agrebaoui, Boujemaa and Hattab, Raja
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
matematika, vektorová pole, derivace funkce, mathematics, vector fields, derivatives (mathematics), contact vector field, cohomology of groups, group of contactomorphisms, super-Schwarzian derivative, invariant differential operator, 13, and 51
Language:
English
Description:
The relative cohomology Hdiff1(K(1|3), osp(2, 3);Dγ,µ(S1|3)) of the contact Lie superalgebra K(1|3) with coefficients in the space of differential operators Dγ,µ(S1|3) acting on tensor densities on S1|3, is calculated in N.Ben Fraj, I. Laraied, S. Omri (2013) and the generating 1-cocycles are expressed in terms of the infinitesimal super-Schwarzian derivative 1-cocycle s(Xf) = D1D2D3(f)α31/2, Xf \in K(1|3) which is invariant with respect to the conformal subsuperalgebra osp(2, 3) of K(1|3). In this work we study the supergroup case. We give an explicit construction of 1-cocycles of the group of contactomorphisms K(1|3) on the supercircle S1|3 generating the relative cohomology Hdiff1(K(1|3), PC(2, 3); Dγ,µ(S1|3) with coefficients in Dγ,µ(S1|3). We show that they possess properties similar to those of the super-Schwarzian derivative 1-cocycle S3(Φ) = EΦ-1 (D1(D2),D3)α31/2, Φ ∈ K(1|3) introduced by Radul which is invariant with respect to the conformal group PC(2, 3) of K(1|3). These cocycles are expressed in terms of S3(Φ) and possess its properties., Boujemaa Agrebaoui, Raja Hattab., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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