In late 2005 Czech authorities first began to discover substantial amounts of municipal waste illegally transported from Germany to the Czech Republic. The dumping of more than 30 000 tonnes of German waste in 'black dumps' throughout the Bohemian countryside raised social, economic, and political questions about how to mitigate the negative human health and environmental impacts and prevent dumping in the future. In addition to prompting practical policy questions, the situation challenges sociologists to theorise the causes, effects, and possible responses to the problem. This article draws on the environmental sociological Treadmill of Production (ToP) theory to examine the role of the state in managing the crisis. The author presents the history of the Bohemian illegal waste problem and then describes and analyses relevant waste management policies in the Czech Republic, Germany, and the European Union in the light of the ToP theory, which hypothesises that environmental degradation is caused primarily by institutional political-economic forces, and that the protection of environmental quality can be achieved only through structural reform. The dilemma of illegal waste shipment highlights the difficult role of the government, which must balance its responsibilities to protect environmental quality and human health and promote commerce and economic growth in an international context. Data from interviews and documentary analysis are used to describe the case study and test the ToP theory. The author concludes that while the ToP theory is useful for analysing the illegal waste issue by highlighting the structural character of the problem, some refinement of the theory may be necessary to better understand this case study.
Host responses against skin inhabiting monogeneans are commonly obserÇetHtflfthe responsible immune mechanisms in the fish skin are insufficiently described. Based on recent knowledge of fish immunity and skin response mechanisms in mammals a model for the skin immunity in fish to monogcnean infections is proposed. Important cellular components of the model are the epithelial cells, the mucous cells and leucocytes. The release of cytokines, e.g. IL-1, following mechanical or chemical injury of the epithelial cells, initiates a series of events leading to decrease of the ectoparasite population. Cytokines (e.g. IL-1, TNF, INF) are suggested to affect secretions from mucous cell and attract neutrophils and macrophages. Leukotrienes are probably involved in the inflammatory reactions. The subsequent production of humoral substances (among others complement factors and peptides) could be responsible for the antiparasitic response in the later stages of infection. Although non-specific factors dominate the response, the involvement of specific antibodies and lymphocytes cannot be excluded.
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) and RuBPCO binding protein (BP) were isolated from barley leaves. RuBPCO was dissociated into subunits under denaturing conditions. Polyclonal antibodies against RuBPCO, RuBPCOBP and RuBPCO large subunit (LS) were raised. Inununoblotting analyses showed that anti-RuBPCO antibodies did not cross-react with BP. Anti-BP antibodies cross-reacted with RuBPCO smáli subunit (SS) and reacted but more slightly with RuBPCO LS.
The distribution of the carboxylating enzyme nbulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) and an enzyme of the photorespiratory pathway (glycine decarboxylase) was determined within the leaf tissue by immunocytochemical techniques in C3, C4 and C3:C4 intermediate species. The specificity of the method for all the materiál was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gels and Western blotting of crude protein extracts. In the C3 species (wheat) the enzymes were located in chloroplasts (RuBPCO) and mitochondria (glycine decarboxylase) of mesophyll cells, while in the three "classical" C4 standards, i.e. Zea mays ("NADP-ME" type). Panicům maximum ("PCK" type) and P. turgidum ("NAD-ME" type), these were found exclusively in the respective organelles of the bundle sheath. In the intermediate species, RuBPCO was not compartmented as it was located in chloroplasts of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Yet glycine decarboxylase was found exclusively in bundle sheath mitochondria. InAristida funiculata, a C4 species with "non-classical" leaf structure, RuBPCO was found in chloroplasts of both the inner and outer bundle sheaths and glycine decarboxylase was located exclusively in mitochondria of the inner bundle sheath cells. It is suggested that A. funiculata may be a C4 species with C3:C4-like intermediate characteristics based on the observed distribution of glycine decarboxylase, although gas-exchange characteristics of this species are required before any reclassification can be considered.
Using an air-conditioned single-plant chamber, shoots of two dwarf beán cultivars were exposed for 5 oř 6 h to O3 concentrations, ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 pmol mol**. Diuing exposure water vapour, CO2, and O3 exchange rates of shoots were monitored with the aim to quantify possible differences between cultivars in sensitivity of stomata and mesophyll to O3 uptake. Aíter exposure changes in the water holding capacity of the treated leaves were also estůnated, combining pressure bomb, 3-gauge, and leaf chamber techniques. Rates of change of stomatal (Vg) and mesophyll (Vg,) conductances increased linearily with increase in the absorbed O3 flux via the stomata (Qg), the direshold for stomatal response being lower than that for mesophyll response. Above the threshold values of Qg, sensitivity of V„ to Qg was lower than ďiat of Vg. The water holding capacity of leaves decreased with increase in Qg, although no distinct threshold Qg was found. Cultivar differences in O3 sensitivities of Vg were statístically distinguishable on the stomatal segment of CO2 uptake route ordy.
Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimm. plants precultivated under different radiation conditions were exposed to UV-B at low or strong "white" irradiance. Photosynthetíc electron transport (Hill actívity) was more damaged by UV-B under 6 W m"^ than at 15 W m‘2 supplemental "white light" (WR). The inhibitory effect was more pronounced using red radiation (RR) precultivated plants compared to precultívatíon at blue radiation (BR) or WR. Hill reaction in RR grown W. arrhiza with a high growth rate was more affected by UV-B - in comiection with DCMU and 1,5- diphenyl carbazide - than of plants with a low growth rate. No effect was observed using plants precultivated at BR or WR.
Článek se zabývá analýzou jazykových prostředků v dialogickém diskurzu literárního díla. Studuje propojení tří paralelně strukturovaných vrstev dialogu v úryvku z románu Penelopy Lively Heat Wave, a to explicitního dialogu mezi postavami románu, vnitřního vzájemného dialogu mezi hrdinkou a postavami románu, a vnitřního dialogu hrdinky románu. Autorka se zároveň snaží popsat a zhodnotit jazykové prostředky, kterými tvůrce literárního díla dosahuje v dialogu autentičnosti, a konfrontuje je s prostředky ozvláštnění významu.