The article describes the development of Czech social policy and the issues that have surrounded it since 1989. The author begins by describing the character of the communist welfare state and outlining its theoretical alternatives. Despite the introduction of energetic changes during the early years of transition, since the mid-1990s the area of social policy has been dominated by stagnation, and instead of any real and specific efforts in this area there are only debates. Despite all the problems that plague the current social policy, at present the system performs satisfactorily, as is evident in the very low rate of poverty. However, in the long rim, concerns may arise over inadequate family situations, a frozen pension system, and poor work motivation. The 'reform' year of 2005 has seen the emergence of many different efforts relating to social policy, but it has not heralded any substantial changes aimed at a more efficient functioning of the system.
La communication concerne les changements et les conflits des modèles littéraires et des rôles des écrivains tchèques pendant 19e siècle en cours vers la modernité. Quelques étappes de ce procès sont analysés en commençant par la groupe de Josef Jungmann et finissant par le symbolisme et décadence.
An empirical research, conducted by the author among university students and the working population in Prague at the beginning of 1999, showed that second person singular address forms are gradually spreading at the expense of second person plural address forms among young Czechs, especially university students. The number of various social groups whose members use second person singular address forms as a mark of fellowship is growing. The confusion and uncertainty in choosing address forms which were observed in the interviewed Czech speakers can also be interpreted as a signal of oncoming changes in address forms usage in contemporary Czech.
Many respondents found it difficult to address persons of their age by second person plural address forms as well as use second person singular forms when addressing (significantly) older people, even when offered second person singular terms by the older speaker. Plural address forms between schoolmates or workmates of the same age are widely perceived as an unnecessary barrier between communication partners. On the other hand, the usage of reciprocal plural address forms in a formal, office environment is unanimously perceived as most appropriate.
Purity, integrity and protein synthesis were studied in chloroplasts isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Hassan) leaf segments incubated for 20 h in the dark, a treatment which enhances subsequent senescence. Apparently, isolated chloroplasts retained enough Mg^^ for the incorporation of radioactive ainino acids into proteins. The effects of chloramphenicol, cycloheximide and nuclease and the requirement of radiant energy indicated that amino acid incorporation was due to protein synthesis on 70S chloroplast ribosomes. The electrophoretic profile of the polypeptides synthesized was similar in intact and in broken chloroplasts. Pulse-chase assays indicated that most, if not all, polypeptides labelled in assays with isolated chloroplasts were complete polypeptides, which were also synthesized in vivo. Hence the polypeptides synthesized in vivo by chloroplasts early in senescence may be accurately and reliably studied in this systém of protein synthesis by isolated chloroplasts.
The article presents the electoral formulae used in systems of proportional representation and it analyses the degree of proportionality in the division of mandates among political parties. Proportionality is a key factor in determining the political consequences of the formulae used and at the same time it is an indicator of the distortion of party representation. The research the article draws on was based on the Monte Carlo method. Eight indexes of proportionality were used to compare the qualities of electoral formulae. The results of their measurements differed significantly. A more detailed analysis is made of two main approaches to proportionality, represented by the two most important indexes: the Loosemore-Hanby index and the RR index. Using them electoral formulae are classified into two types of scales according to the degree of disproportionality (on a proportionality - disproportionality continuum) and the direction of disproportionality ('to the advantage of small parties - to the advantage of large parties' continuum). These scales relativise some of the conclusions formulated to date in literature in this field. The article also suggests a scale of formulae constructed on the basis of a third, compromise approach, as the weighted average of the Loosemore-Hanby and the RR indexes.