This article is focused on the examination of the legal nature of the informed consent and its consequences. The first part of this article discusses whether informed consent is juridicial act and the conditions of the validity such as competence, information and voluntariness. A special attention is given to the analysis of the scope of the medical disclosure and to the legal consequences of the failure to warn. Further this article analyses the scope of the civil liability in the cases of the improper medical disclosure. and Tento článek se zabývá právní povahou informovaného souhlasu a následky neúplného poučení z hlediska civilního práva. První část článku se věnuje problematice právního jednání a jeho náležitostí a zasazuje je do problematiky informovaného souhlasu s poskytováním zdravotních služeb. Následně se článek zabývá problematikou vad právního jednání a jejich důsledků pro jeho platnost a vznik povinnosti k náhradě újmy. Existence povinnosti k náhradě újmy je pak podrobně analyzována s ohledem na odlišnost situací, kdy informovaný souhlas nebyl vůbec udělen nebo byl udělen po vadně provedeném poučení. Cílem tohoto článku je poskytnout ucelenější teoretickou analýzu povahy informovaného souhlasu a jeho zakotvení v systematice civilního práva.
Our aim was to investigate whether hyperthermia before exercise protects against exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage. Two hyperthermia protocols were evaluated. In the first, male ICR mice were exposed to 30 min of whole-body heat in an environmental chamber at an ambient temperature of 42 °C. Heat-exposed and non-heat-exposed mice subsequently completed 60 min of downhill running on a treadmill, 24 h after exposure. Heat exposure significantly increased HSP70 and HSP25 content in the soleus muscle compared to controls. Plasma creatine kinase, muscle β-glucuronidase, and histochemical (hematoxylin and eosin stain) analysis demonstrated that muscle damage was lower in the heatexposed mice than in the non-heat-exposed mice. In the second, the effect of regional heating of the legs, by microwave diathermy, on the prevention of exercise-induced muscle damage was evaluated in male Wistar rats. Microwave-treated and nonmicrowave-treated rats again completed the running protocol 24 h after exposure. Microwave diathermy increased the muscle temperature to 40 °C, significantly increased HSP70 and HSP25 content in the soleus muscle, and significantly attenuated exercise-induced muscle damage. Therefore, hyperthermia before exercise increases skeletal muscle HSPs and attenuates the risk of exercise-induced muscle injury.
Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an important predator of pests of horticultural crops and here its ability as a predator of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is addressed for the first time. The percentage predation of the different aphid instars and the number partially consumed were studied. Our results, obtained using choice and no-choice tests, revealed that M. pygmaeus caught and consumed more young than later instars of A. pisum, which confirms results of previous studies using other species of aphids. We also studied the interactions between predators (male/female) foraging in the same patch. When the prey/predator ratio is kept constant at 10 : 1 the average percentage of aphids completely consumed by individual females or males does not change with increase in the number of foraging predators. However, the number of partially consumed aphids decreased when females shared the same patch. In contrast, there was an increase in the number of aphids partially consumed when two males shared the same patch. The results were discussed in terms of potential predator foraging strategies since intraspecific competition is a key factor modulating the dynamics of prey-predator systems., Juliana Durán Prieto, Vincenzo Trotta, Paolo Fanti, Cristina Castañé, Donatella Battaglia., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Identification of factors that facilitate successful completion of invasion process stages by nonnative species is a major priority among invasion biologists. Stage-based analyses of non-native fish species traits have been conducted for several regions, but not for a subtropical non-native species hotspot like peninsular Florida. Typically, establishment is the first stage of analysis but Florida is home to many nonnative fish species that have successfully reproduced, yet failed to establish. Therefore, we used life history traits and three model types (categorical and regression trees, logistic regression, and discriminant analysis) to predict successful reproduction and establishment by non-native fishes in peninsular Florida. Statistical models for predicting both successful reproduction and establishment suggested parental care was the most important variable, but other traits included in the best models differ between the two stages. The high level of parental care in successful non-native fishes of Florida is unique among non-native freshwater fish faunas across the United States. Other studies also found that suites of traits used to predict various stages of the invasion process differ, suggesting that stage-based analyses provide a good foundation for better understanding invasion processes. Our results may be applied to stage-based risk screening tools for nonnative fishes in Florida.
Ankylosing spondylarthritis (AS) is associated falsely increased lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD). New tool for discrimination of subjects at fracture risk is needed. Vertebral fracture (VF) prediction of routine methods for osteoporosis assessment, BMD and trabecular bone score (TBS), in patients with AS. Cross-sectional study of all AS patients regularly followed at the rheumatology outpatient clinics of two centers. All subjects undergone BMD measurement at lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN) using Hologic® Horizon device. TBS at L1-4 in all subjects by TBS InSight® software were assessed. Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) was performed using the lateral spine imaging IVA™ and graded using Genant semi-quantitative approach. 119 AS subjects (90 males/29 females), mean age 47.6 years were included in the study. In 20 patients 34 VFs were detected, from whom 7 patients had multiple fractures. Subjects with VF were older and had lower FN BMD, TBS in comparison to non-VF subjects. No differences in LS BMD, FN BMD or BASDAI between groups were observed. Among patients with VF only 3 had T-score less than -2.5 but 7 has TBS less than 1.23 which means highly degraded microarchitecture. AS patients with VF have lower TBS and FN BMD in comparison to non-VF subjects. In addition, TBS was able to detect 20 % more VFs than BMD. Therefore, TBS seems promising in VF discrimination among patients with AS., Zdenko Killinger, Martin Kužma, Soňa Tomková, Kristína Brázdilová, Peter Jackuliak, Juraj Payer., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Objectives. The global pandemic of COVID-19 represents a major stressor in the lives of health-care professionals. The present study investigat-ed experienced stress and self-reported trauma symptoms among Slovak nurses during the fall of 2020, aiming to describe the extent of expe-rienced stress and trauma, and explain the vari-ation in trauma symptoms using psychosocial predictors. Sample and settings. An online form measuring traumatic stress symptoms, social support, cop-ing strategies, sleep quality and overall experi-enced stress was distributed among nurses and other healthcare professionals. 565 participants responded between November 12th and Decem-ber 20th 2020. Statistical analyses. Several multiple linear re-gressions with demographic and psychosocial predictors were performed to explain variation in traumatic symptoms.Results. The present data shows that 83% of medical nurses perceived increased stress and more than 62% experienced trauma symptoms. Traumatic symptoms could be partly explained based on the participants’ age, perceived social support, and used coping strategies. Higher so-cial support and strategies of acceptance and positive reframing were related to fewer trauma symptoms, while avoidance strategies, such as self-distraction, self-blame, venting, and behav-ioral disengagement to more trauma symptoms. In line with the present findings, professional psychosocial support is important to alleviate stress and prevent traumatization in healthcare workers after the COVID-19 crisis.Limitations. Data were collected via an online form, with a sample consisting of mostly nurses and women lacking data on other medical pro-fessions and men. Finally, traumatic symptoms develop slowly, therefore it is not possible to measure their recovery at this point. and Globálna pandémia ochorenia covid-19 pred-stavuje závažný stresor v životoch zdravot-níckych pracovníkov. Táto štúdia skúmala prežívaný stres a traumatické symptómy u slo-venských zdravotných sestier počas jesene 2020, s cieľom popísať ich rozsah a vysvetliť variáciu v symptómoch traumy na základe psy-chosociálnych prediktorov. Zber dát prebiehal prostredníctvom online formulára distribuova-ného zdravotným sestrám. Súčasťou formulára boli škály na meranie symptómov traumatické-ho stresu (TSQ-10), prežívanej sociálnej opory (MSPSS), copingových stratégií (Brief COPE), kvality spánku (PSQI) a celkového prežívaného stresu (PSS-10). Počas zhoršujúcej sa druhej vlny pandémie, medzi 12. novembrom a 20. decembrom 2020 na formulár odpovedalo 565 zdravotných sestier. Na vysvetlenie variácie traumatických symptómov bolo vytvorených niekoľko lineárnych regresných modelov ob-sahujúcich demografické a psychosociálne prediktory. Získané dáta ukázali, že 83 % zdra-votných sestier vnímalo v danom období, že sú pod zvýšenou mierou stresu, a viac ako 62 % sa prejavovalo traumatickými symptómami. Traumatické symptómy možno čiastočne vy-svetliť na základe veku participantov, vnímanej sociálnej opory a použitých stratégií zvládania. Vyššia sociálna podpora a stratégie prijatia a pozitívneho prerámcovania súviseli s men-ším počtom traumatických symptómov, zatiaľ čo vyhýbavé stratégie, ako sú sebarozptýlenie, sebaobviňovanie, ventilovanie a odangažované správanie, súviseli s väčším množstvom trau-matických symptómov. Limitmi výskumu sú zber prostredníctvom online formulára, vzorka zložená prevažne zo sestier ženského pohlavia, bez údajov o iných zdravotníckych profesiách a o mužoch. Napokon, traumatické symptómy sa vyvíjajú pomaly, preto v tomto bode nie je možné zmerať ich zotavenie. V súlade so súčas-nými zisteniami je dôležitá odborná psychoso-ciálna podpora na zmiernenie stresu a preven-ciu traumatizácie zdravotníckych pracovníkov po kríze covid-19.
Projekt se zaměřuje na propojení multidisciplinárních specialistů se zájmem o výzkum a léčení transgeneračního přenosu traumatu holocaustu. Mnoho neléčených traumat z kolektivních katastrof se přeneslo na další generace. Cílem je výměna informací a zkušeností o této problematice v rámci zemí V4 a přinášení nových poznatků o léčení traumat pro židovské komunity a pro odborníky, kteří se touto problematikou zabývají. and The project focuses on connecting multidisciplinary specialists interested in research and healing of the transgenerational transmission of Holocaust trauma. A lot of untreated traumas from the collective catastrophe have been passed to the next generations. The aim is to exchange information and experience about this issue within the V4 countries and to bring new insights about healing of trauma for Jewish communities and for the specialists who work with this issue.
Sledování lidských rodů je složitou součástí psychologického zkoumání. Projekt Vyhnání, vykořenění a změna životní linie - mezigenerační studie se zabývá psychologickými dopady aktu zvůle komunistické tajné policie v Československu, tzv. akce Asanace. Projekt navazuje na kumulující se zkušenost s transgeneračním traumatem. Zaměřuje se na generaci přímých účastníků, disidentů, kteří byli nuceni opustit svoji zem v letech 1977-1984, dále na potomky - druhou a třetí generaci, kteří v některých případech žijí v zahraničí. Pomocí čtyř druhů metod (fokusové skupiny, hloubkové rozhovory, dotazníkové metody, modifikovaný Stroopův test) se snaží porozumět transgenerační transmisi traumatu, zkoumá vedle traumatické situace také resilienci a posttraumatický růst. Zajímáme se o to, jak se traumatická situace transformuje v průběhu let, co přináší do pokračující rodové linie. Vedle standardních výzkumných článků plánují autoři také shrnující monografii na toto téma. and Tracking the family lineage is a complicated part of psychological research. The project titled Expulsion, uprooting, and change of lifeline-intergenerational study investigates the psychological impact of the communist secret police terror in Czechoslovakia (so-called Action “Asanace”), following the cumulation of research and therapeutic experience with transgenerational trauma. It focuses on the generation of the primary victims, dissidents forced to leave their homeland between 1977-84, as well as the 2nd and 3rd generation of their offspring, some of whom live abroad. It aims to understand the transition of trauma, resilience, and posttraumatic growth using several methods (focus groups, in-depth interviews, surveys, Modified Stroop Test). We shall examine transformations of the traumatic situation in time and its aftermath in the family lineage. Besides standard research papers, the authors plan a monograph.