In his last book about Locke’s philosophy, E. J. Lowe claims that Frege’s arguments against the Lockean conception of number are not compelling, while at the same time he painstakingly defines the Lockean conception Lowe himself espouses. The aim of this paper is to show that the textual evidence considered by Lowe may be interpreted in another direction. This alternative reading of Frege’s arguments throws light on Frege’s and Lowe’s different agendas. Moreover, in this paper, the problem of singular sentences of number is presented, and Frege’s and Lowe’s views are confronted with it., Ve své poslední knize o Lockeově filosofii EJ Lowe tvrdí, že Fregeho argumenty proti Lockeanově pojetí čísla nejsou přesvědčivé, zatímco zároveň pečlivě definuje Lockeanovu koncepci Lowe sám. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je ukázat, že textové důkazy, které Lowe zvažuje, mohou být interpretovány jiným směrem. Toto alternativní čtení Fregeových argumentů vrhá světlo na různé agendy Fregeho a Loweho. V tomto příspěvku je navíc prezentován problém jednotlivých číselných vět a Fregeovy a Loweho názory jsou s ním konfrontovány., and Agustin Arrieta-Urtizberea
So called small basins were originally specified with the aim to obtain more accurate data about the hydrological and hydrometeorological regimes of an extensive region. Later on the attention was also paid to the monitoring of chemical components and geochemical processes. Gradually it was discovered that small basins can also supply valuable information about the ecological stability and social and economic processes in relation to the ethnic features and local history of the studied region. Obviously, a decision about the size of small basins should be adapted to the nature of solved problems and with respect to the size of the region under consideration. A proposal how to define a small basin is presented as one of the conclusions. and Malá povodí byla původně zakládána s cílem získat zpřesněná data o hydrologickém a hydrometeorologickém režimu v rámci širšího regionu. Později se pozornost soustředila i na sledování chemismu a geochemických procesů. Postupně se ukázalo, že povodí poskytují další významné informace o ekologické stabilitě, a o procesech sociálních a ekonomických ve vztahu k etnickému složení populace; také o místní historii. Rozhodování o velikosti povodí je postupně podřizováno povaze řešených úloh a lze je posuzovat především ve vztahu k velikosti povodí, pro něž se informace získávají. Proto je návrh možné definice malého povodí uveden až v samém závěru tohoto příspěvku. V následujícím příspěvku jsou diskutovány některé typické úlohy, při jejichž řešení se významně uplatnily různé informace získané z malých povodí.
In this article the hydrologic measurements at selected Slovak streams writing 75 years observation period in term of low flow are evaluated. We entertain with deficit characteristics like low flow duration and deficit volumes for threshold discharge level Q90 (90% flow accidence). We calculate the appearance frequency, the distribution function of the maximum deficit volume and the maximum duration of low flow. We analysed also the most important low flow events for the whole observation period. This procedure was applied for hydrologic year and for selected characteristics also for summer and winter seasons. and V predloženom článku hodnotíme hydrologické pozorovania na vybraných slovenských vodných tokoch za 75-ročné obdobie z hľadiska malej vodnosti. Hodnotíme charakteristiky: trvanie malej vodnosti a nedostatkový objem pre prahovú hodnotu prietoku Q90 (90% zabezpečenosti prietoku). Určili sme frekvenciu výskytu, zákon rozdelenia maximálnych nedostatkových objemov a maximálneho trvania malej vodnosti. Analyzovali sme charakteristiky pre najvýznamnejšie zaznamenané udalosti malej vodnosti - historické suchá v celom období pozorovania. Postup sme aplikovali na hydrologický rok a pre vybrané charakteristiky aj na letnú a zimnú sezónu.
Biocrust sustainability relies on dew and rain availability. A study of dew and rain resources in amplitude and frequency and their evolution is presented from year 2001 to 2020 in southern Africa (Namibia, Botswana, South Africa) where many biocrust sites have been identified. The evaluation of dew is made from a classical energy balance model using meteorological data collected in 18 stations, where are also collected rain data. One observes a strong correlation between the frequency of dew and rain and the corresponding amplitudes. There is a general tendency to see a decrease in dew yield and dew frequency with increasing distance from the oceans, located west, east and south, due to decreasing RH, with a relative minimum in the desert of Kalahari (Namibia). Rain amplitude and frequency decreases when going to west and north. Short-term dew/rain correlation shows that largest dew yields clearly occur during about three days after rainfall, particularly in the sites where humidity is less. The evolution in the period corresponds to a decrease of rain precipitations and frequency, chiefly after 2010, an effect which has been cyclic since now. The effect is more noticeable towards north. An increase of dew yield and frequency is observed, mainly in north and south-east. It results in an increase of the dew contribution with respect to rain, especially after 2010. As no drastic changes in the distribution of biomass of biocrusts have been reported in this period, it is likely that dew should compensate for the decrease in rain precipitation. Since the growth of biocrust is related to dew and rain amplitude and frequency, future evolution should be characterized by either the rain cycle or, due to global change, an acceleration of the present tendency, with more dew and less rainfalls.
Topsoil field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, Kfs, is a parameter that controls the partition of rainfall between
infiltration and runoff and is a key parameter in most distributed hydrological models. There is a mismatch between the
scale of local in situ Kfs measurements and the scale at which the parameter is required in models for regional mapping.
Therefore methods for extrapolating local Kfs values to larger mapping units are required. The paper explores the feasibility
of mapping Kfs in the Cévennes-Vivarais region, in south-east France, using more easily available GIS data
concerning geology and land cover. Our analysis makes uses of a data set from infiltration measurements performed in
the area and its vicinity for more than ten years. The data set is composed of Kfs derived from infiltration measurements
performed using various methods: Guelph permeameters, double ring and single ring infiltrotrometers and tension infiltrometers.
The different methods resulted in a large variation in Kfs up to several orders of magnitude. A method is proposed
to pool the data from the different infiltration methods to create an equivalent set of Kfs. Statistical tests showed
significant differences in Kfs distributions in function of different geological formations and land cover. Thus the mapping
of Kfs at regional scale was based on geological formations and land cover. This map was compared to a map based
on the Rawls and Brakensiek (RB) pedotransfer function (mainly based on texture) and the two maps showed very different
patterns. The RB values did not fit observed equivalent Kfs at the local scale, highlighting that soil texture alone is
not a good predictor of Kfs.