According to Fodor, robustness of meaning is an essential aspect of intentionality, and his causal theory of content can account for it. Robustness of meaning refers to the fact that tokenings of a symbol are occasionally caused by instantiations of properties which are not expressed by the symbol. This, according to Fodor, is the source of the phenomenon of misrepresentation. We claim that Fodor’s treatment of content and misrepresentation is infected with a couple of flaws. After criticizing Fodor’s theory of content, we propose a new theory of content which explains how misrepresentation is possible as a result of meaning-forming causation, and extend it to account for the property of robustness of meaning., Podle Fodora je robustnost významu základním aspektem záměrnosti a jeho kauzální teorie obsahu jej může vysvětlit. Robustnost významu se odkazuje na skutečnost, že tokenings symbolu jsou občas způsobeny instancemi vlastností, které nejsou vyjádřeny symbolem. Toto, podle Fodora, je zdrojem fenoménu zkreslení. Tvrdíme, že Fodorova léčba obsahu a zkreslení je infikována několika nedostatky. Poté, co kritizujeme Fodorovu teorii obsahu, navrhujeme novou teorii obsahu, která vysvětluje, jak je zkreslení možné v důsledku příčinných souvislostí, a rozšířit ji tak, aby odpovídala za vlastnost robustnosti významu., and Tevfik Aytekin, Erdinç Sayan
The main focus of this paper is to find a suitable distribution for the hydrology series of six catchments in Pakistan. Among others Gumbel and Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distributions were implemented for frequency analysis using Probability weighted moments (PWM) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods for estimating the parameters. Based on goodness of fit tests it was found that GEV distribution fits closely and PWM method is best suited for estimating the parameters. Peaks over threshold (POT) series model was also tried which resulted in favor of GEV distribution. The quantile estimates based on aforementioned distributions also revealed that GEV distribution has been found close to the observed values of annual maximum peak (AMP) flows. Power comparison studies using various goodness of fit tests for Gumbel and GEV distributions using Log-normal and Weibull as alternative distributions at different levels of significance and for different sample sizes n = 10, 30, 50 showed that Anderson Darling (AD) test is more powerful test followed by Modified Anderson Darling (MAD), Cramer Von Mises (CVM) and Kolmogorov Smirnov (KS) test. and Príspevok je zameraný na odvodenie vhodného rozdelenia pravdepodobností hydrologických radov šiestich povodí v Pakistane. Spomedzi iných sa použili rozdelenia Gumbela a jeho štandardnej extrémnej hodnoty (GEV), s odvodením parametrov metódou momentov vážených pravdepodobnosťou (PWM) a metódou maximálnej pravdepodobnosti (ML) pre analýzu početností. Na základe testov zhody sa zistilo, že na odhad parametrov je najvhodnejšia metóda PWM, a že najlepšia zhoda je pre GEV rozdelenie. Model s výberom maxím nad určitou hranicou (POT) sa tiež použil, s najlepšou zhodou tiež pre rozdelenie GEV. Odhady kvantilov uskutočnené podľa vyššie uvedených rozdelení tiež potvrdili, že tieto pre rozdelenie GEV sú blízke pozorovaným hodnotám ročných maxím (AMP). Porovnanie mocnín (PC) sa tiež uskutočnili pri použití rôznych testov zhody. Pre rozdelenia podľa Gumbela a GEV, alternatívne tiež rozdelenia podľa Weibulla a Logaritmicko-normálne, sa pre súbory s veľkosťou n = 10, 30, 50 členov ako najúčinnejšie ukázali nasledujúce testy na rôznych hladinách významnosti: podľa Andersona Darlinga (AD) ako najúčinnejšieho, nasledoval modifikovaný Anderson Darling (MAD), podľa Cramera von Missesa (CVM) a Kolmogorova-Smirnova (KS).
The paper presents three-dimensional CFD analysis of two-phase (sand-water) slurry flows through 263 mm diameter pipe in horizontal orientation for mixture velocity range of 3.5-4.7 m/s and efflux concentration range of 9.95- 34% with three particle sizes viz. 0.165 mm, 0.29 mm and 0.55 mm with density 2650 kg/m3 . RNG k-ε turbulence closure equations with Eulerian multi-phase model is used to simulate various slurry flows. The simulated values of local solid concentration are compared with the experimental data and are found to be in good agreement for all particle sizes. Effects of particle size on various slurry flow parameters such as pressure drop, solid phase velocity distribution, friction factor, granular pressure, turbulent viscosity, turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation have been analyzed.
In the paper the results of measurements and two dimensional mathematical simulation for polder in the depression for 1996 are presented. The mathematical model takes into account hydraulics conductivity of soils in form of tensors, water uptake by plants and elastic capacity of soils. In the last decade in Poland many hectares of field culture changed not only ownership, but also the manner in which it was farmed. It also refers to polders with compound soil profiles and complex water conditions. Often in such areas, alluvial soils and relatively high water tables occur. These conditions are preferred in grassland as opposed to arable land farming. Very often these rules are forgotten by new farmers or they stop farming or they use their land for other activities due to bad crop yield; turning it to - for example - grasses and weeds from mowed ditches and dikes store. This causes conflicts between farmers and the holder of the melioration system or the water reservoir in the vicinity. An example of such a situation is a small polder where soil water conditions are influenced by the reservoir with retained water levels between about 0 - 1.5 m above the surface of the surrounding land. It is concluded that if the beginning of the vegetation season (April) is wet, the moisture conditions are unfavourable for crop production. But if April is dry, then even if the rest of the season is wet, the moisture conditions will still be satisfactory. This conclusion was derived from presented results of simulation. It is true only if farmers’ activities are responsible and rational for such soil and water conditions. and Štúdia prezentuje výsledky pozorovaní a dvojrozmernej matematickej simulácie poldra v depresii za rok 1966. Matematický model uvažuje s hydraulickou vodivosťou pôd v tenzorovom tvare, odberom vody rastlinami a pružnou kapacitou pôd. V poslednom desaťročí sa v Poľsku zmenili nielen vlastnícke pomery na veľkej ploche poľnohospodárskych kultúr, ale aj spôsob, akým boli obrábané. Týka sa to aj poldrov so zložitými pôdnymi profilmi a vodným režimom. Často ide o plochy s aluviálnymi pôdami a pomerne vysokou hladinou vody. Takéto podmienky sú vhodnejšie pre trávnaté porasty ako pre hospodárenie na oráčinách. Noví hospodári často zabúdajú na tieto zásady, často prestávajú hospodáriť na týchto pôdach alebo ich využívajú na iný účel z dôvodu nízkych úrod. Tieto sa tak často zmenia na skládky napr. trávy a burín z vykášaných priekop a hrádzí. Toto spôsobuje konflikty medzi farmármi a správcami melioračných sústav alebo nádrží v ich blízkosti. Príkladom takéhoto stavu je malý polder, kde vodné pomery pôd ovplyvňuje vodná nádrž s pohybom hladín okolo 0–1,5 m nad povrchom okolitých pôd. Záverom sa konštatuje, že ak počiatok vegetačnej sezóny (apríl) je vlhký, celkové vlhkostné podmienky sú pre úrodu nepriaznivé. Ak je však naopak apríl suchý, potom aj ak je zvyšok vegetačnej sezóny vlhký, celkove vlhkostné podmienky budú dostatočné. Tento záver vyplynul z uvedených výsledkov simulácie. Bude to tak však iba v prípade zodpovedných a rozumných činností farmára, dotýkajúcich sa pôdnych a vlhkostných podmienok.
Drainage of paved and unpaved roads has been implicated as a major contributor of overland flow and erosion in mountainous landscapes. Despite this, few watershed models include or have tested for the effect roads have on discharge and sediment loads. Though having a model is an important step, its proper application and attention to distinct landscape features is even more important. This study focuses on developing a module for drainage from a road and tests it on a nested watershed (Shanko Bahir) within a larger previously studied site (Debre Mawi) that receives overland flow contributions from a highly compacted layer of soil on an unpaved road surface. Shanko Bahir experiences a sub-humid monsoonal climate and was assessed for the rainy seasons of 2010, 2011, and 2012. The model chosen is the Parameter Efficient Distributed (PED) model, previously used where saturation-excess overland flow heavily influences discharge and sediment concentration variation, though infiltration-excess occasionally occurs. Since overland flow on unpaved surfaces emulates Hortonian flow, an adjustment to the PED model (the developed module) advances possible incorporation of both flow regimes. The modification resulted in similar modeling performance as previous studies in the Blue Nile Basin on a daily basis (NSE = 0.67 for discharge and 0.71 for sediment concentrations). Furthermore, the road while occupying a small proportion of the sub-watershed (11%) contributed importantly to the early discharge and sediment transport events demonstrating the effect of roads especially on sediment concentrations. Considerations for the dynamic erodibility of the road improved sediment concentration simulation further (NSE = 0.75). The results show that this PED modeling framework can be adjusted to include unpaved compacted surfaces to give reasonable results, but more work is needed to account for contributions from gullies, which can cause high influxes of sediment.