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564. Drag reduction of dense fine-grained slurries

Creator:
Vlasák, Pavel, Chára, Zdeněk, and Štern, Petr
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
kaolin slurry, drag reduction, experimental investigation, peptization, slurry rheology, kaolinové suspenze, snižování tření, experimentální výzkum, peptizace, and reologie suspenzí
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Attractive and repulsive forces acting in the slurry due to different ions absorbed on surface of fine particles, especially colloidal ones, strongly affect the flow behaviour of highly concentrated fine-grained slurries. The attractive forces between the fine-grained solid particles initiate the coagulation process, which gives rise to voluminous aggregates where a large amount of water is fixed. A modification of the physicalchemical environment of the slurry by addition of a peptizing agent produces repulsive forces between particles. They result in destruction of the aggregates, water originally fixed in the aggregates is liberated, the viscous friction can play a larger role in the slurry, which is liquefied. To prove these process three different kaolin-water mixtures were tested with an overpressure capillary viscometer, rotational viscometer, and experimental pipeline loop. The effect of two peptizing agents and their concentration was investigated. It was demonstrated that even very low concentration of peptizing agent results in a significant reduction in the apparent viscosity and in the yield stress. and Přitažlivé a odpudivé síly působící mezi částicemi v suspenzi v důsledku různých iontů absorbovaných povrchem jemných, zejména koloidních částic, silně ovlivňují tokové chování vysoce koncentrovaných jemnozrnných suspenzí. Přitažlivé síly mezi jemnými částicemi iniciují proces koagulace, umožňují vznik objemných agregátů, v nichž je vázáno značné množství vody. Změna fyzikálně-chemického prostředí suspenze přidáním peptizačního činidla podpoří vznik odpudivých sil mezi částicemi, které způsobí rozbití objemných agregátů a voda vázaná v agregátech se uvolní, vazké tření tak bude hrát v suspenzi významnější roli a dojde k ztekucení suspenze. Tento proces byl ověřen experimentálním výzkumem třech různých kaolinových suspenzí jednak na kapilárním přetlakovém viskozimetru, na rotačním viskozimetru a na experimentální potrubní trase. Byl ověřen účinek dvou peptizačních činidel a bylo ukázáno, že velmi nízká koncentrace peptizačního činidla vede k významné redukci zdánlivé viskozity a počátečního napětí.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

565. Droplet infiltration dynamics and soil wettability related to soil organic matter of soil aggregate coatings and interiors

Creator:
Fér, Miroslav, Leue, Martin, Kodešová, Radka, Gerke, Horst H., and Ellerbrock, Ruth H.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
aggregates, clay and organic matter coatings, WDPT, contact angle, and DRIFT spectroscopy
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The organo-mineral coatings of soil aggregates, cracks, and biopores control sorption and macropore-matrix exchange during preferential flow, in particular in the clay-illuvial Bt-horizon of Luvisols. The soil organic matter (SOM) composition has been hypothesized to explain temporal changes in the hydraulic properties of aggregate surfaces. The objective of this research was to find relations between the temporal change in wettability, in terms of droplet infiltration dynamics, and the SOM composition of coated and uncoated aggregate surfaces. We used 20 to 40 mm sized soil aggregates from the Bt2 horizon of a Haplic Luvisol from loess that were (i) coated, (ii) not coated (both intact), and (iii) aggregates from which coatings were removed (cut). The SOM composition of the aggregate surfaces was characterized by infrared spectroscopy in the diffuse reflection mode (DRIFT). A potential wettability index (PWI) was calculated from the ratio of hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups in SOM. The water drop penetration times (WDPT) and contact angles (CA) during droplet infiltration experiments were determined on dry and moist aggregate samples of the three types. The decrease in the CA with time was described using the power function (CA(t) = at–b). For dry aggregates, the WDPT values were larger for coated as compared to uncoated regions on the aggregate surfaces, and increased with increasing PWI value (R2 = 0.75). The a parameter was significantly related to the WDPT (R2 = 0.84) and to the PWI (R2 = 0.64). The relations between the b parameter and the WDPT (R2 = 0.61) and the PWI (R2 = 0.53) were also significant. The WDPT values of wet soil aggregates were higher than those of dry aggregates due to high water contents, which limited the droplet infiltration potential. At the wet aggregate surfaces, the WDPT values increased with the PWI of the SOM (R2 = 0.64). In contrast to dry samples, no significant relationships were found between parameters a or b of CA(t) and WDPT or PWI for wet aggregate surfaces. The results suggest that the effect of the SOM composition of coatings on surface wettability decreases with increasing soil moisture. In addition to the dominant impact of SOM, the wettability of aggregate surfaces could be affected by different mineralogical compositions of clay in coatings and interiors of aggregates. Particularly, wettability of coatings could be decreased by illite which was the dominant clay type in coatings. However, the influence of different clay mineral fractions on surface wettability was not due to small number of measurements (2 and 1 samples from coatings and interiors, respectively) quantified.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

566. Drought impact on ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in Norway spruce forests with different management after windstorm damage – a case study from Tatra Mts. (Slovakia)

Creator:
Šustek, Zbyšek, Vido, Jaroslav, Škvareninová, Jana, Škvarenina, Jaroslav, and Šurda, Peter
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
drought, ground beetle, windstorm, forest management, and Norway spruce
Language:
Slovak
Description:
After the windstorm of November 2004, the ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Carabidae) differentiated after the windstorm into four groups reflecting degree of damaging and forestry management (intact stand, fallen timber in situ, extracted timber, fire). The stand with fallen timber reduced abundances of original species. Removal of timber eliminated sensitive forest species and favored tolerant species, whereas the fire allowed invasions of field species. Later, the assemblages on burned sites converged to those in the unburned sites. Their restoration has a sigmoid-like course. Independently on the above differentiation and course assemblage succession, episodes of severe drought resulted with a 1–2-years delay in sudden decline of number of individuals and species. Their numbers were restoring after longer humid periods. Because these extremes occur with a considerable regularity, the observed extremes of fluctuations of number of species and individuals represent the variability limits of the Carabid assemblages in such conditions. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index was shown, using the cross-correlation of SPEI and number of individuals and species of Carabids, as a suitable means to explain and predict such changes for the period of 1–2 years.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

567. Dynamical bias correction procedure to improve global gridded daily streamflow data for local application in the Upper Blue Nile basin

Creator:
Lakew, Haileyesus Belay and Moges, Semu Ayalew
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Blue Nile, WaterGAP3, bias correction, and water resource reanalysis
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Recently water resources reanalysis (WRR) global streamflow products are emerging from high- resolution global models as a means to provide long and consistent global streamflow products for assessment of global challenge such as climate change. Like any other products, the newly developed global streamflow products have limitations accurately represent the dynamics of local streamflow hydrographs. There is a need to locally evaluate and apply correction factors for better representation and make use of the data. This research focuses on the evaluation and correction of the bias embedded in the global streamflow product (WRR, 0.25°) developed by WaterGAP3 hydrological model in the upper Blue Nile basin part of Ethiopia. Three spatiotemporal dynamical bias correction schemes (temporalspatial variable, temporal-spatial constant and spatial variable) tested in twelve watersheds of the basin. The temporalspatial variable dynamical bias correction scheme significantly improves the streamflow estimation. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSCE) improves by 30% and bias decreases by 19% for the twelve streamflow gauging stations applying leave one out cross-validation approach in turn. Therefore, the temporal-spatial variable scheme is applicable and can use as one method for the bias correction to use the global data for local applications in the upper Blue Nile basin.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

568. Dynamics of organic carbon losses by water erosion after biocrust removal

Creator:
Cantón, Yolanda, Román, Jose Raúl, Chamizo, Sonia, Rodríguez-Caballero, Emilio, and Moro, María José
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
biological soil crust, dissolved OC, sediment OC, runoff, biocrust disturbance, and physical crust
Language:
Slovak
Description:
In arid and semiarid ecosystems, plant interspaces are frequently covered by communities of cyanobacteria, algae, lichens and mosses, known as biocrusts. These crusts often act as runoff sources and are involved in soil stabilization and fertility, as they prevent erosion by water and wind, fix atmospheric C and N and contribute large amounts of C to soil. Their contribution to the C balance as photosynthetically active surfaces in arid and semiarid regions is receiving growing attention. However, very few studies have explicitly evaluated their contribution to organic carbon (OC) lost from runoff and erosion, which is necessary to ascertain the role of biocrusts in the ecosystem C balance. Furthermore, biocrusts are not resilient to physical disturbances, which generally cause the loss of the biocrust and thus, an increase in runoff and erosion, dust emissions, and sediment and nutrient losses. The aim of this study was to find out the influence of biocrusts and their removal on dissolved and sediment organic carbon losses. One-hour extreme rainfall simulations (50 mm h-1) were performed on small plots set up on physical soil crusts and three types of biocrusts, representing a development gradient, and also on plots where these crusts were removed from. Runoff and erosion rates, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and organic carbon bonded to sediments (SdOC) were measured during the simulated rain. Our results showed different SdOC and DOC for the different biocrusts and also that the presence of biocrusts substantially decreased total organic carbon (TOC) (average 1.80±1.86 g m-2) compared to physical soil crusts (7.83±3.27 g m-2). Within biocrusts, TOC losses decreased as biocrusts developed, and erosion rates were lower. Thus, erosion drove TOC losses while no significant direct relationships were found between TOC losses and runoff. In both physical crusts and biocrusts, DOC and SdOC concentrations were higher during the first minutes after runoff began and decreased over time as nutrient-enriched fine particles were washed away by runoff water. Crust removal caused a strong increase in water erosion and TOC losses. The strongest impacts on TOC losses after crust removal occurred on the lichen plots, due to the increased erosion when they were removed. DOC concentration was higher in biocrust-removed soils than in intact biocrusts, probably because OC is more strongly retained by BSC structures, but easily blown away in soils devoid of them. However, SdOC concentration was higher in intact than removed biocrusts associated with greater OC content in the top crust than in the soil once the crust is scraped off. and Consequently, the loss of biocrusts leads to OC impoverishment of nutrient-limited interplant spaces in arid and semiarid areas and the reduction of soil OC heterogeneity, essential for vegetation productivity and functioning of this type of ecosystems.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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