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Start Over Subject 94(437) Data provider Academy of Sciences Library/Knihovna Akademie věd ČR

152. O konci, nebo začátku?: česká historiografie a výzkum závěrečné fáze druhé světové války

Creator:
Radka Šustrová
Format:
print
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
od 1945, druhá světová válka (1939-1945), okupace, mezinárodní vztahy, Československo, Second World War (1939-1945), occupation, international relations, Czechoslovakia, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
Obě publikace podle recenzentky spojují do značné míry osobnosti jejich autorů, chronologické vymezení a tematické zaměření na vojenské a politické, respektive diplomatické dějiny, menší pozornost je pak věnována situaci v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava na sklonku války. Recenze přibližuje jednotlivé kapitoly či statě publikací spolu s hlavními tezemi autorů a zamýšlí se nad kontextem historického výzkumu závěru druhé světové války a přechodu k poválečným poměrům., According to the reviewer, the two publications under review – Smetana, Kokoška, Pilát, and Hofman’s Draze zaplacená svoboda: Osvobození Československa 1944–1945 (Freedom at a High Cost: The Liberation of Czechoslovakia, 1944–45) and Kokoška et al.’s Nultá hodina? Československo na jaře 1945 ve strategických souvislostech (Starting from Scratch? Czechoslovakia in Spring 1945 in the Strategic Contexts) – to a considerable extent combine the personal outlooks of their authors, a chronological delimitation, and an orientation to military, political, and sometimes diplomatic history, but pay less attention to the circumstances in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia towards the end of the Second World War. The reviewer acquaints the reader with the individual chapters or articles in the publications, together with the authors’ principal arguments, and considers the context of historical research on the end of the Second World War and the transition to post-war conditions., and [autor recenze] Radka Šustrová.
Rights:
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153. Od teatrality k intimitě?: Emoce a smrt u Martiniců a Schwarzenbergů v období baroka a romantismu

Creator:
Grubhoffer, Václav and Kadeřábek, Josef
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Martinitz (rod), Schwarzenbergové (rod), smrt, umírání, emoce, death, dying, emotions, poslední okamžiky, dobrá smrt, last moments, good death, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Between the Baroque and Romanticism attitudes to death and the discursive framework of the emotional experience of dying fundamentally changed among the Catholic high nobility. The ideal baroque death was supposed to take the form of an extreme point at which the dying person confessed their sins through theatrical gestures and utterances. The deathbed ritual explicitly confirmed the denominational and spiritual orientation of the family. In succeeding generations, both aristocrats and commoners were expected to be confirmed in that orientation by a written and iconographic testimony rich in symbols. Romanticism, on the other hand, imbued the process of dying with sentiment, loving care and family cohesion, which among the high nobility brought solace and a peaceful death. Finally, between the Baroque and Romanticism the relative status of private and public experience of the last moments changed. The Baroque "theatrical" deathbed, which was presented with the central figure of the dying individual and the priest, was a public event. Gradually it changed into a more intimate, quiet contemplation with only a few witnesses gathered in the family circle. Moreover, the doctor came to replace the priest as the chief attendant at the dying person’s bedside. What remained unchanged was the anxious determination to conform to expected patterns of behaviour. By trying to fulfil the contemporary ideal of a "good death", the counts of Martinice and the princes of Schwarzenberg tried to affirm their unique position in Bohemian (and European) aristocratic society. Their emotional experience of death was intended to serve as an example to their descendants and form one of the constitutive elements of the family’s collective memory., Václav Grubhoffer, Josef Kadeřábek., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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155. Organizace tisku učebnic v Čechách: přizpůsobení jedné tereziánské reformy

Creator:
Mádlová, Claire
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
učebnice, nakladatelství a vydavatelství, knihkupectví, inovace, knižní obchod, textbooks, publishing houses, bookstores, book trade, státní reforma, státní nakladatelství, osvícenská reforma, státní monopol, state reform, state publishing house, Enlightenment reform, state monopoly, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
In the context of Maria Theresa’s educational reforms, the article analyses the introduction of new school textbooks in Bohemia as an attempt to build a new type of state economic enterprise. For the first twenty years after compulsory education was introduced in 1774, a balance had to be struck for the publication of textbooks between standardization and adaptability, in order to over- come the obstacles and conflicts inherent in the reforms. In implementing the reforms it was thus necessary to deviate from certain fundamental principles - dirigism, uniformity and centralization. An economic system based on the awarding of privileges was faced with the challenge of meeting public order on an unprecedented scale. Moreover, an economic model for publishing schoolbooks had to be devised that could function as an instrument of social policy while remaining financially sustainable. The new publishing house had to ensure regular high-volume distribution of the new product throughout a territory that lacked any commercial infrastructure in the field of bookselling., Claire Madl., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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156. Osmapadesátý článek Theresiany: tradiční pojetí či dekriminalizace deliktu magie?

Creator:
Kreuz, Petr
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
česká a uherská královna, císařovna, choť Františka Štěpána I., římskoněmeckého císaře, Marie Terezie, 1717-1780, kouzelnictví, čarodějnictví, conjuring, witchcraft, dekriminalizace, Theresiana, Artikul o kouzelnictví, delikt magie, Article on Sorcery, delict of magic, decriminalization, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The 58th article of the penal code issued by Maria Theresa (Theresiana - 1768), let as say the Article on Sorcery (1766) did not represent (as suggested traditionally in the literature) only a not very successful compromise between the traditional penal law doctrine on the one hand and new impulses of the philosophy and legal thinking of the Age of Enlightenment, though it may appear so at the first sight or by superficial reading. The Empress achieved in Theresiana the decriminalisation of the offense of magic art not only in practice but de iure as well. De facto, in practice, this stage had been reached already earlier, in the second half of the fifties of the 18th century. This manner of decriminalisation is typical for the (central)european penal law in the earlier phase of the Enlightenment through which was also just passing the Habsburg monarchy under the reign of Maria Theresa. In the same way is for this phase of development typical the strenghtening of the protection and the rights of the accused or investigated person within the penal procedure by creating different formal and real guarantees and obstacles during the proceedings. This approach was partly a continuation of the early modern and in the early stage of Enlightenment voiced criticism of magic art and sorcery trials., Petr Kreuz., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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158. Osobnost a vláda Marie Terezie v dílech českých historiků (do roku 1939)

Creator:
Maur, Eduard
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
česká a uherská královna, císařovna, choť Františka Štěpána I., římskoněmeckého císaře, Marie Terezie, 1717-1780, historiografie, reformy, historiography, reforms, česká historiografie, kritika germanizace a administrativního centralismu, Czech historiography, criticism of Germanization and administrative centralism, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
his study traces the changing portrayals of Maria Theresa in the writings of the most important Czech historians (F. M. Pelcl, W. W. Tomek, J. Kalousek, B. Rieger, J. Svátek, J. Pekař and J. Prokeš) up until the end of the First Republic. It also considers the works of popular chroniclers, the French historian E. Denis, and school textbooks. The author shows that from the end of the 18th century to the 1930s Czech historiography presented an image of Maria Theresa as an exceptionally capable ruler whose wide-ranging reforms brought considerable progress in many different spheres of life both in Bohemia and the monarchy as a whole. From the outset, however, there was also criticism of various aspects of her policies that were perceived as inimical to the Czech nation. First there was Germanization, especially in the education system; then, from the 1860s, the centralizing tendency of administrative reforms that threatened the (albeit limited) autonomy of the Czech state and opened the door to dualism. This criticism was especially abrasive in the works of J. Kalousek, B. Rieger and J. Svátek. Some even pointed to an actively hostile attitude on the part of the empress towards the Czech Lands. As the proliferation of factual evidence consolidated the positive image of the great monarch, critical assessments became more objective, though they never disappeared altogether. It is worth noting that, with few exceptions, the positive importance of absolutist enlightenment reforms for the emergence of the modern Czech nation-state was often overlooked., Eduard Maur., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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159. Osvícenské vlivy v pedagogickém díle Jana Valeriána Jirsíka

Creator:
Svoboda, Rudolf
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Jirsík, Jan Valerian, 1798-1883, osvícenství, pedagogika, náboženství, teologie, enlightenment, educational science, religion, theology, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
a1_This paper considers the influence of Enlightenment thinking on the pedagogical works of Jan Valerián Jirsík (1798-1883), who earned a place in Czech history as a priest, theologian, active patriot, education campaigner, pedagogue, writer and not least as the fourth Bishop of České Budějovice (Budweis), an office he held from 1851 until his death. Primarily, it draws on and follows up ideas in the writings of the theologian Ctirad Václav Pospíšil and the church historian Kamila Veverková, who both trace the links between Jirsík the theologist and thinkers associated with Bernard Bolzano. Jirsík’s early writings, however, are as much concerned with pedagogy as they are with theology, and the aim of this study is to discover whether his ideas on education were similarly influenced by Enlightenment thinking. It analyses his views on the subject before 1851, i.e. until he became Bishop of Budweis - specifically in the period 1826-1843, when he was much occupied with questions of education and upbringing. In his years as bishop he devoted little time to literary pursuits. The study concludes that the legacy of the Enlightenment era most certainly played an important part in Jirsík’s deliberations on education. There is, however, a certain progression discernible in his thinking. In the early period, of which Sunday School (1826) is a representative text, we see the influence of contemporary Enlightenment clerical pedagogy as he advocates extending human knowledge through reason in order to improve living conditions. Faith and religion are also factors here, especially in his emphasis on the positive role of God the Creator. In the second period under consideration (1836-43), we find closer parallels between Jirsík’s pedagogical and theological thinking., a2_Within ten years of writing Sunday School, his position had shifted from that of a priest attempting to expand or improve education in the spirit of Enlightenment ecclesiastical pedagogy to that of a theologian (and so-called ‘true’ enlightener) who from theological considerations drew conclusions for the educational process. In Jirsík’s view, Christianity and Enlightenment go hand in hand, serving to elevate human life spiritually as well as materially. For him education means the enlightenment of both soul and reason. Nor does he see any contradiction between faith and rationality. It is evident from his thinking that he was convinced of the need to implement the pedagogical ideal of the Enlightenment: to educate virtuous citizens who were also rational., Rudolf Svoboda., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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160. Osvícenství a diplomacie přelomu 18. a 19. století na příkladu kariéry toskánského šlechtice Luigiho Angioliniho

Creator:
Prokopová, Oldřiška
Format:
print, text, regular print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Angiolini, Luigi, 18. století, osvícenství, cestopisy, diplomacie, enlightenment, books on travels, diplomacy, Toskánsko (Itálie), Tuscany (Italy), 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The study examines the life of a Tuscan nobleman Luigi Angiolini. He was a writer, traveller and diplomat. He was active in the period of the Habsburg reforms, the French Revolution, Napoleonic rule and the restoration in Italy. His travelogue about England and Scotland (Lettere sopra l’Inghilterra, Scozia e Olanda) reflects his education and background which was strongly influenced by Tuscan Enlightenment. During the subsequent Napoleonic rule in Italy, he turned his attention to diplomacy in the services of Napoleon Bonaparte and grand duke Ferdinand III in Paris. The article shows how Angiolini was marked by ideas and trends of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century during his chequered life and how the breakthrough period formed him., Oldřiška Prokopová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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