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4. Nepravopisné reformy lužické srbštiny po druhé světové válce

Creator:
Bígl, Richard
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Sorbian studies, Sorbian languages, and reforms
Language:
Czech
Description:
L´article passe en revue les reformes de la langue lusacienne à partir d´une grande codification haute sorabe en 1948. Elle et celle basse sorabe der 1952 furent provoquées par le besoin de rapprocher les deux variantes littéraires et c´était un régime rigide qui facilita leur réalisation. Il n´est pas exact d´appeler ces modifications orthographiques, parce qu´elles, en majorité, partent du plan phonologique. Depuis les années cinquante des prescriptions grammaticales basses sorabes apparaissent moins stable que celles en Haute-Lusace. La sensibilité de la codification devient d´autant plus importante que beacoup de Sorabes sont réduits à apprendre leur langue natale à l´aide de manuels.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

5. Osobnost a vláda Marie Terezie v dílech českých historiků (do roku 1939)

Creator:
Maur, Eduard
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
česká a uherská královna, císařovna, choť Františka Štěpána I., římskoněmeckého císaře, Marie Terezie, 1717-1780, historiografie, reformy, historiography, reforms, česká historiografie, kritika germanizace a administrativního centralismu, Czech historiography, criticism of Germanization and administrative centralism, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
his study traces the changing portrayals of Maria Theresa in the writings of the most important Czech historians (F. M. Pelcl, W. W. Tomek, J. Kalousek, B. Rieger, J. Svátek, J. Pekař and J. Prokeš) up until the end of the First Republic. It also considers the works of popular chroniclers, the French historian E. Denis, and school textbooks. The author shows that from the end of the 18th century to the 1930s Czech historiography presented an image of Maria Theresa as an exceptionally capable ruler whose wide-ranging reforms brought considerable progress in many different spheres of life both in Bohemia and the monarchy as a whole. From the outset, however, there was also criticism of various aspects of her policies that were perceived as inimical to the Czech nation. First there was Germanization, especially in the education system; then, from the 1860s, the centralizing tendency of administrative reforms that threatened the (albeit limited) autonomy of the Czech state and opened the door to dualism. This criticism was especially abrasive in the works of J. Kalousek, B. Rieger and J. Svátek. Some even pointed to an actively hostile attitude on the part of the empress towards the Czech Lands. As the proliferation of factual evidence consolidated the positive image of the great monarch, critical assessments became more objective, though they never disappeared altogether. It is worth noting that, with few exceptions, the positive importance of absolutist enlightenment reforms for the emergence of the modern Czech nation-state was often overlooked., Eduard Maur., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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6. Reforma financování vědy k dopracování

Creator:
Štěpán Jurajda and Daniel Münich
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce, CERGE-EI, výzkum a vývoj, podpora vědy a výzkumu, reformy, research and development, government aid to research, reforms, 12, and 00
Language:
Czech
Description:
Štěpán Jurajda, Daniel Münich.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

7. The 2003 tax reform and corporate payout policy in the US

Creator:
Stojanović, Danilo, Jeong, Byeongju, Univerzita Karlova. Centrum pro ekonomický výzkum a doktorské studium, and Národohospodářský ústav (Akademie věd ČR)
Publisher:
CERGE-EI
Format:
electronic, electronic resource, remote, bez média, online zdroj, and 1 online zdroj (70 stran : tabulky, grafy).
Type:
model:monograph and TEXT
Subject:
Řízení a správa podniku, daňové systémy, reformy, dividendová politika, tax systems, reforms, dividend policy, Spojené státy americké, United States, 336.221.4, 658.155.2, (73), (0.034.2:08), (048.8), 4, and 658
Language:
English and Czech
Description:
Danilo Stojanović., Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy, České a anglické resumé, and born digital
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

8. The Chinese model, the Chinese dream and the mandate of heaven

Creator:
Miloš Balabán and Michal Tomášek
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
reformy, právo, politický systém, reforms, law, political system, model, economic growth, power, communist party, mandate of heaven, vision, Chinese National Rejuvenation, Chinese Dream, 16, and 34
Language:
English
Description:
The four decades of breath-taking political and economic changes in China raise a host of questions about the governance of this, in many ways unique, world power. The authors analyse the economic, political and historical context of the origins and operation of the present-day Chinese political model, the country’s legal system and the role of the Communist Party in the Chinese society, similar in many ways to the role previously played by China’s imperial dynasties. They also highlight the new trends in Chinese domestic politics and foreign policy of the late 2010s, which bear witness to a sustained effort of the Chinese political leadership to enhance China’s great-power status on the global stage., Miloš Balabán, Michal Tomášek., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

9. Xi Jinping - obnova reforem a návrat individuálního autoritářství?

Creator:
Ondřej Klimeš
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Dějiny Asie. Orient, Xi, Jinping, 1953-, reformy, prezidenti, politici, reforms, presidents, politicians, Čína, China, 8, and 94(5)
Language:
Czech
Description:
Od nástupu páté generace čínských vůdců k moci v listopadu 2012 se pozorovatelé Číny intenzivně zamýšlejí nad tím, zda se Xi Jinpingovu vedení podaří obnovit reformní proces zpomalený během předcházející dekády. Velmi diskutovaná je i úzce související otázka, zda se v Xi Jinpingovi vrací do čínské politiky postava individuálního autoritářského vůdce Mao Zedongova ražení., The article researches the rule of Xi Jinping's fifth generation of Chinese leaders, from their rise to power at the 18th Congress of the Communist Party of China in November 2012 until June 2014. It describes some of the organizational aspects of the most recent power transition and examines the most important document of the Xi administration so far available to us, The Decision on Major issues Concerning the Comprehensive Deepening of Reforms, announced after the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in November 2013. The article further outlines the impact of the Decision, particularly the formation of several new leading groups and their allocated tasks. The text further addresses the question as to whether Xi Jinping's strong position signals the return to Chinese politics of the Mao-style individual authoritarian rule. The research draws on sources such as official documents, media statements and news articles, as well sas on several relevant articles., Ondřej Klimeš., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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10. Z dosavadního výzkumu městských kanceláří v Čechách v době 18. století (zejména na příkladu vybraných východočeských královských věnných měst)

Creator:
Vojtíšková, Jana
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Kingdom of Bohemia, 18th century, town office, official documents, reforms, municipal administration, České království, 18. století, městská kancelář, úřední písemnosti, reformy, and městská správa
Language:
Czech
Description:
Using the example of several royal dowry towns, this article examines the transformation in the practices of town offices in 18th century Bohemia – an important milestone in the field of study under consideration. In earlier times, the sophistication of some town offices – the quality and extent of their official agenda; the number and expertise of their staff – was, as a provisional study of the sources indicates, a reflection of the cultural and economic development as well as the population of the city in question. Each town office had its own individual character, the study of which can provide important insights into the history of our towns. Research into town offices is still in its early stages, as numerous case studies must be undertaken before any solid conclusions can be reached. Yet it is already clear that at the beginning of the 18th century town offices, which can be seen as an extension of city administrations, started implementing changes aimed at unification, especially in the areas of official competences and organizational structure., The process reached its peak as part of a wider conception of judicial reform, which in our towns manifested itself in the so-called regulation of municipalities. In the case of Hradec Králové it is clear these changes must have taken place with a certain continuity of personnel, and that this regional centre had difficulty filling some posts. The task remains for researchers of 18th century history to establish whether and to what extent Bohemian towns were able to fulfil the demands of the reform. The limits imposed on the number of county courts in the 1750s and 1760s is itself an indication that a number of towns were unable to meet all the requirements of the new dispensation. The transformation of the town offices certainly did not occur without external intervention. But pre-existing mechanisms were also at play in the process, as even after such interventions the offices’ performance depended on the quality of the individuals who worked there., and They accrued their life and work experience within a particular environment that modified their personalities in multiple ways. We may therefore assume that future research will also discover sympathisers who lent their support to the incoming reforms. Working conditions were another important factor, with officials complaining of overwork in the years following the introduction of the regulation of municipalities. This too might over time have affected the quality of their work. On the other hand it should be said that even before the reforms, towns had in times of need taken on new staff (e.g. temporary teaching assistants in schools), with the main aim of serving the town’s long-term interests. State interventions and ballooning agendas, however, began to upset this (approximate) balance, until a new division of towns was decreed, this time into three categories based on size and wealth. The result was an acrossthe- board unification, especially in the areas of official competences and organizational structure. Here too there is plenty of room for further research to fill out our knowledge of the 18th century town environment.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public