The Neolithisation and the first agricultural societies in Southeast Europe are under constant discussions. Besides numerous data on the earliest farming settlements in this region, still there are debates on the directions and chronology of the dispersion of such significant economic and social process. Many proposed the diffusion of agriculture was initially introduced from Asia Minor to southern parts of Greece or eastern areas of Bulgaria, but there is not much written on how this process further progressed towards Macedonia. This region is still insufficiently explored to be thoroughly incorporated into the studies of Neolithisation in the Balkans, but however the modest research provided substantial data in order to propose the emergence of first agricultural societies in the Early Neolithic. Therefore this paper will incorporate the current knowledge on the initial Neolithic stages in Macedonia and how it was manifested within material culture, economy, rituals and social features specific for the farming communities in this region. In regard to vivid pottery patterns and abundance of human representations it will be proposed as well that the Neolithisation also involved a variety of symbolic processes. and Neolitizace a první zemědělské společnosti v jihovýchodní Evropě jsou předmětem stálých diskusí. Kromě četných dat o prvních zemědělských osadách v této oblasti se diskutují směry a chronologie šíření tohoto významného ekonomického a společenského procesu. Mnoho badatelů zastává názor, že zemědělství se nejdříve šířilo z Malé Asie do jižních částí Řecka nebo východních oblastí Bulharska, ale o tom, jak tento proces pokračoval do Makedonie, nebylo mnoho napsáno. Tato oblast je stále nedostatečně prozkoumaná na to, aby ji bylo možno plně začlenit do studií neolitizace Balkánu, nicméně stávající výzkum poskytl dostatek dat k předpokladu výskytu prvních zemědělských společností v časném neolitu. Tento článek shrnuje stávající znalosti o časném neolitu Makedonie a o jeho projevech v materiální kultuře, hospodářství, rituálech a společenských rysech specifických pro zemědělská společenství v této oblasti. S ohledem na živé vzory keramiky a hojnost znázornění lidí se také předpokládá, že neolitizace zahrnovala i celou řadu symbolických procesů.
Male Wistar rats adapted to an artificial light-dark regimen (12 h light: 12 h darkness) were whole-body irradiated with a dose of 14.35 Gy of gamma rays. Irradiation, sham-irradiation and decapitation 30, 60 and 120 min after the exposure were performed between 2000 h and 0100 h in the darkness. The serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT), the concentration of melatonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine were measured in the pineal gland. The serum levels of melatonin and corticosterone were also determined. Ionizing radiation did not change the activity of the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis, NAT, but decreased the concentration of pineal melatonin. The concentration of pineal dopamine and norepinephrine decreased 30 and 120 min after exposure, while the concentration of epinephrine was elevated 30 min after irradiation, though later it was markedly decreased. The serum melatonin level was not changed, but an increase in corticosterone level was observed. In the early period after the exposure, a decrease in pineal melatonin occurred, accompanied by a decrease in pineal catecholamines. On the contrary, in the phase of developed radiation injury the signs of increased melatonin synthesis were observed on days 3 and 4 after the exposure (Kassayova et al. 1993a). The underlying mechanisms require further research.
Let $G$ be a connected, undirected graph without loops and without multiple edges. For a pair of distinct vertices $u$ and $v$, a minimum $\{u,v\}$-separating set is a smallest set of edges in $G$ whose removal disconnects $u$ and $v$. The edge connectivity of $G$, denoted $\lambda (G)$, is defined to be the minimum cardinality of a minimum $\{u,v\}$-separating set as $u$ and $v$ range over all pairs of distinct vertices in $G$. We introduce and investigate the eavesdropping number, denoted $\varepsilon (G)$, which is defined to be the maximum cardinality of a minimum $\{u,v\}$-separating set as $u$ and $v$ range over all pairs of distinct vertices in $G$. Results are presented for regular graphs and maximally locally connected graphs, as well as for a number of common families of graphs.
Livestock guarding dogs (LGDs) are used across the world to reduce livestock depredation by free-ranging predatory wildlife. In doing so, they reduce the need for lethal predator control and are considered beneficial for conservation. However, LGDs might be perceived as predators by wildlife and induce a multitude of both positive and negative ecological effects. We conducted a literature review to evaluate the ecological effects of LGDs and found 56 publications reporting LGDs interacting with or affecting wildlife. Featuring in 77% of the publications, LGDs were widely reported to chase and kill wildlife, leading to species-specific behavioural responses. A total of 80 species were affected by LGDs, 11 of which are listed as Near Threatened or higher on the IUCN Red List. Of the affected species, 78% were non-target species, suggesting that any benefits arising from the use of LGDs likely occur simultaneously with unintended ecological effects. However, the frequency of LGD-wildlife interactions and the magnitude of any resulting ecological effects have rarely been quantified. Therefore, more empirical studies are needed to determine the net ecological outcome of LGD use, thereby ensuring that negative outcomes are minimised, while benefiting both farmers and wildlife.
Two hundred and forty brown trout (Salmo trutta) and 49 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), obtained from 21 locations in Central Scotland between October 1990 and August 1993, were examined for endoparasitic helminth infections. Crepidostomum farionis (Digenea) was the most widely distributed helminth species, followed by Eubothrium crassum (Cestoda), Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and D. ditremum (Cestoda), Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Acanthocephala), Echinorhyn-chus truttae (Acanthocephala), Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda), Capillaria salvelini (Nematoda), Cyalhocephalus truncatus (Cestoda), Raphidascaris acus (Nematoda) and Cystidicola farionis (Nematoda), in that order. The prevalences and intensities of each helminth infection were recorded. No evidence was found to indicate that even fish with the highest worm burdens (e.g. 339 plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium spp.) were experiencing any obvious morbidity. An analysis of pairs of associations between species of helminths revealed a significantly positive association between N. rutili and C. farionis (P < 0.01). The results are discussed in terms of patterns in helminth communities in freshwater fish.
In communications network design, network's stability is a very important concept. A network has to be constructed as possible as stable since the stability of a network shows its resistance to vulnerability. Many science and engineering problems can be represented by a network, generalization of which is a graph. Examples of problems that can be represented by a graph include: cyclic sequential circuit, organic molecule structures, mechanical structures, etc. So, a graph can be considered as a model of a communication network. Then, the notions of the graph theory can be used for the stability of a network. In the graph theory, deterministic measures of the stability are used for some parameters of graphs as connectivity, covering number, independence number and dominating number. Then, the stability of a network is defined with deterministic calculation. Today, these parameters take into consideration the neighborhood notion. Now, we consider an edge-accessibility number of a graph. Edge-accessibility is a notion which uses the neighborhood of edges (links). In this paper; we search the edge-accessibility number of a graph. We also give some theorems about the edge-accessibility using the graph operations and design an algorithm which found it with Time Complexity O(n3).