In Hymenoptera and Heteroptera, the absence of micropyles is one criterion for categorizing an egg as trophic. Undeveloped eggs are observed in more than 90% of the egg clusters of the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas. Traditionally, these undeveloped eggs are regarded as "trophic eggs." The surfaces of the eggs of H. axyridis were examined using scanning electron microscopy and the presence of micropyles in the shells of developing and undeveloped eggs determined. Micropyles are circularly distributed around the top of eggs and present in both developing and undeveloped eggs. The number of micropyles in the shells of developing and undeveloped eggs did not differ significantly. Our results indicate that the undeveloped eggs of H. axyridis have micropyles, suggesting that the mechanisms regulating the production of undeveloped eggs in H. axyridis differ from those resulting in the production of trophic eggs by Hymenoptera and Heteroptera.
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a widespread temperature-dependent disease in salmonids caused by the myxozoan parasite, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Canning, Curry, Feist, Longshaw et Okamura, 1999) (Tb). Tb has a two-host life cycle, involving fish as an intermediate host and freshwater bryozoans as the definitive host. Although salmonids are acknowledged as hosts for the parasite, it is less clear which fish species are active hosts in the life cycle of Tb. Differences in infection dynamics have been observed between some fish species, which are thought to be related to the existence of two main Tb-strains, the American and European. Iceland, having three species of indigenous salmonids and positioned geographically between Europe and North America, is an ideal location to study the natural development of Tb in wild fish. The main aim of this study was to determine the genetic origin of Tb in Iceland and confirm whether mature spores are produced in Icelandic salmonids. In this study, Icelandic salmonids were infected with the European Tb-strain. In situ hybridisation revealed that intraluminal sporogonic stages, including mature spores, were commonly observed in all three salmonid species. The presence of intraluminal stages has previously been confirmed in brown trout Salmo trutta Linnaeus and Atlantic salmon S. salar Linnaeus in Europe, but they have only been observed in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) in North America, infected by the local strain. This is, therefore, the first time that sporogonic stages have been observed in Arctic charr in Europe, where fish are infected with the European Tb-strain. Our data strongly suggest that all the three salmonid species inhabiting Icelandic waters serve as active hosts in the life cycle of Tb. However, for full confirmation, transmission trials are needed.
In the seventies, astronomers from some European socialist countries, participating in the multilateral cooperation of the academies of these states, decided to collaborate in the detailed astrometric, photometric and spectrometri investigation of open star clusters. Hungarian scientists were expected to carry out tthe multicolour photometry of cluster member stars (at least to a certain extent). Considering that the majority of the programme stars are far too dim to be measured by the moderate-sized photoelectric telescopes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and that incividual photoelectric photometry of cluster members would be extremely time-consuming, photographic UBV photometry was chosen as the most advantageous solution. The first steps in this task have been taken - more than 200 plates were collected in these spectral bands - and a short review is presented on the observations in order to inform out cooperating partners. At the same time, a proposal is made with a view to supplementing the list of jointly studied open clusters and information is requested from our collaborators on cluster membership probabilities and spectre of stars in order to take the preliminary steps in laboratory measurements.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) and stuttering. We investigated the seropositivity rate for anti-T. gondii IgG and antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in stuttering children to ascertain a possible relationship between T. gondii infection and stuttering. We selected 65 stuttering children and 65 control children (non-stutterers) to investigate the seropositivity rate of anti-T. gondii antibodies by ELISA. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) were also performed in stuttering children. The seropositivity rate of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies among stuttering children (28%) was significantly higher than in control group (5%; p = 0.001). No abnormality was detected in cranial MRI's of stutttering children and their EEG recordings were also normal. There was no significant difference in seropositivity rate regarding age, genders and residence area. The association between seroprevalence of infection with T. gondii and stuttering may be due to hyperdopaminergic state in brains of patients who are T. gondii-seropositive. Thus, there might be a causal relationship between toxoplasmosis and stuttering., Tuncay Çelik, Cem Gökçen, Özgür Aytaş, Aysima Özçelik, Mustafa Çelik, Nurdan Çoban., and Obsahuje bibliografii
A total of 7210 unfed adult Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930 and I. ricinus (L., 1758) ticks were collected from the vegetation by flagging in 35 study sites located in the zone of their sympatry (mainly in Leningrad region, Russia). Borrelia infection in ticks was estimated by the dark-field microscopic analysis of gut contents in standard vital preparations at a magnification of ×600. No correlation was revealed between the series of parameters characterising the abundance of each tick species (τ = -0.13) and between the series of these parameters and the prevalence of Borrelia in each vector. It is concluded that in the broad zone of I. persulcatus and I. ricinus sympatry, the presence and proportion of one vector in the ecosystem does not have any significant effect on the extensity of infection and on the epizootic and epidemic significance of the other vector. Each tick species has its independent (of the other species) and relatively original functional role in the focal ecosystem.
The scrambling index of an $n\times n$ primitive Boolean matrix $A$ is the smallest positive integer $k$ such that $A^k(A^{\rm T})^k=J$, where $A^{\rm T}$ denotes the transpose of $A$ and $J$ denotes the $n\times n$ all ones matrix. For an $m\times n$ Boolean matrix $M$, its Boolean rank $b(M)$ is the smallest positive integer $b$ such that $M=AB$ for some $m\times b$ Boolean matrix $A$ and $b\times n$ Boolean matrix $B$. In 2009, M. Akelbek, S. Fital, and J. Shen gave an upper bound on the scrambling index of an $n\times n$ primitive matrix $M$ in terms of its Boolean rank $b(M)$, and they also characterized all primitive matrices that achieve the upper bound. In this paper, we characterize primitive Boolean matrices that achieve the second largest scrambling index in terms of their Boolean rank.
Legal responsibility is important element of legal development of every state. Authors consider theprinciple of subsidiarity in the aspects of the legal development. There are many problems in this field. Authorsuppose that main problem in this case is a providing of obey law. Legal responsibility is basic legal instrumentfor providing of obey law.
The argument from causal closure for physicalism requires the principle that a physical event can only occur through being necessitated by antecedent physical events. This article proposes a view of the causal structure of the world that claims not only that an event need not be necessitated by antecedent events, but that an event cannot be necessitated by antecedent events. All events are open to counteraction. In order to spell out various kinds of counteraction I introduce the idea of ''directedness.'', Argument z kauzálního uzavření pro fyzikismus vyžaduje princip, že fyzická událost může nastat pouze díky tomu, že je nutná předchozí fyzická událost. Tento článek navrhuje pohled na kauzální strukturu světa, která tvrdí, že událost nemusí být nutná předcházejícími událostmi, ale že událost nemůže být nutná předcházejícími událostmi. Všechny akce jsou otevřeny proti. Abych vysvětlila různé druhy kontrakce, představuji myšlenku ,,režie''., and Daniel von Wachter