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68442. The problem of determining estimators for different structural parameters in the case of credibility results for weighted contracts
- Creator:
- Atanasiu, Virginia
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- credibility premium, structure parameters, unbiased estimators, and Bühlmann-Straub model
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- This paper presents and analyzes the estimators of the structural parameters, in the Bühlmann-Straub model, involving complicated mathematical properties of conditional expectations and of conditional covariances. So to enable to use the better linear credibility results obtained in this model, we will provide useful estimators for the structure parameters. From the practical point of view it is stated the attractive property of unbiasedness for these estimators.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
68443. The problem of intention and the evaluative properties of effects in the Knobe effect
- Creator:
- Waleszczyński, Andrzej, Obidziński, Michał, and Rejewska, Julia
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- side-effect effect, Knobe effect, intention, intentionality, and evaluative properties
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In the article, we present analyses and findings which add precision to the role of intentions and the relation between effects in attributing the intentionality of causing a side effect. Our research supplements and modifies numerous findings regarding the appearance of the so-called Knobe effect. The experiments and analyses show that the very originality of the story used by Knobe and the relationship between the evaluative properties of the main effect and the side effect results in an asymmetry of responses and contributes to the occurrence of the side-effect effect. Because of this, we reject the thesis that the mode of attitude of the agent to the caused side effect or that the social expectation of this attitude determine the attribution of the intentionality of the caused effect. On the contrary, we defend the thesis that it is the relationship between the evaluative properties of the main effect and those of the side effect, as well as the impact of a side effect on the main effect, that significantly influence the attribution of intentionality in causing a side effect.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
68444. The problem of the differentiation of criticism and art in the literary system of late 18th century Bohemia
- Creator:
- Smyčka, Václav
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Schmidt, Siegfried J, 1940-, kriticismus, osvícenství, genialita, criticism (philosophy), enlightenment, genius, functional differentiation, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Starting with the traditional dichotomy of two views of the relation between criticism and art - "criticism as art" and "criticism based on detachment" - this study seeks to show both standpoints to be part of a single complex of issues and tensions associated with the functional differentiation within literary communication at the turn of 18th and 19th century. This approach is based on Niklas Luhmann’s system theory, applied (with something of a twist) by Siegfried Schmidt to literature. After introducing the problem of functional differentiation within the literary system in Bohemia, the study presents many different historical conceptions of the relation of art and criticism observable in discussions at the turn of 18th and 19th century in Bohemia. I then focus on the notion of "genius" in these discussions, which played an important role in the development of the concept of "criticism as art". In the following three parts, the study investigates the differentiation of critical praxis: the genesis of "artistic criticism" characterized by hermeneutics and its form-reflecting approach, and the ongoing usage of artistic genres in criticism. The last part focuses on a specific critical genre of the period, the satirical vision, and its transformation as a consequence of the differentiation of the literary system., Václav Smyčka., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
68445. The problems of fiscal management in the CSFR in a time of transition
- Creator:
- Kočárník, Ivan
- Publisher:
- CERGE UK
- Format:
- print and 31 s.
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Subject:
- ekonomika, finance, transformace, and Československo
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Ivan Kočárník.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
68446. The procedures of election the head of state in the Republic of Poland before the Second World War
- Creator:
- Lewandowski, Bartosz
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- president, election, inter-war period, Poland, and legal history
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The article concerns a legal way of election the President in the Polish legal order between second world war. The April Constitution 1935, which made the head of state the most powerful body, tried to reflect the political orientation of its creators. The Constitution from 1935 was made personally for Józef Piłsudski. The political option, ruling Poland after 1926, had to construct the wise of president election, which would be secure for the this option.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
68447. The process of budgeting and issues of indebtedness in the Czech Republic
- Creator:
- Marková, Hana , Kopecký, Martin , and Suchánek, Radovan
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- budgetary process, budgetary outlook, expenditure framework, public entities, regional administrative units, and indebtedness
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The proposal of state budget is based on the medium-term outlook and expenditure framework,which are adopted in the year preceding the year for which the budget is drawn up. Draft documents are presentedby the Ministry of Finance to the government for approval. Consideration of the legislation is entrustedto the Chamber of Deputies. During the approval procedure, the State Budget Act undergoes three readingsand after its approval it represents basis for state’s management in a given year. The public expenses are representednot only by the budgetary expenses, but also by the expenses of state funds, expenses of regional administrativeunits, or expenses of other public entities. Management of public funds is connected to problemsof indebtedness that are being solved in different ways and should be solved through a special legislationgoverning budgetary responsibility in the future.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
68448. The professional language of Polish journalists in a diachronic perspective
- Creator:
- Jarosz, Beata
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- sociolinguistics, professional variants, Polish language, and professiolect of journalists
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The paper attempts to define the development of professional language that constitutes an instrument of communication for Polish journalists. This problem has not been a subject of linguistic analyses to date and thus there are no comprehensive studies of the vocabulary associated with the emergence of periodicals or with work in radio and television crews, which makes establishing the origins and stages of the development of this variant of Polish a highly difficult task. Therefore, the paper preliminarily discusses the development of this professiolect, based on the characterisation of the evolution of the journalistic profession and with reference to the technological changes that influenced the way of preparing materials in the Polish context. The author distinguishes four phases of the evolution of this sublanguage: (1) the protoprofessiolectal period (17th–18th century), (2) the establishment of a professional code (19th century – early 20th century), (3) the period of unstable development (early 20th century – 1980s/1990s) and (4) of dynamic evolution (since the 1980s/1990s). and W artykule podjęto próbę określenia etapów rozwoju języka zawodowego będącego narzędziem komunikacji polskich dziennikarzy. Problem ten nie był do tej pory przedmiotem lingwistycznych analiz i nie istnieją kompleksowe opracowania na temat specyficznej leksyki związanej z tworzeniem czasopism czy pracą w zespołach radiowo-telewizyjnych, dlatego ustalenie genezy i faz ewolucji tej odmiany polszczyzny jest zadaniem bardzo trudnym. W związku z tym na podstawie charakterystyki rozwoju zawodu dziennikarza i w odniesieniu do przemian technologicznych, jakie miały wpływ na sposób opracowywania materiałów, w artykule wstępnie omówiono proces kształtowania się na polskim grunc ie wspomnianego języka zawodowego. Autorka wyróżnia cztery fazy ewolucji tego subjęzyka: (1) faza protoprofesjolektalna (XVII–XVIII w.), (2) ukonstytuowanie się języka zawodowego (XIX w. – początek XX w.), (3) okres niestabilnego rozwoju (początek XX w. – lata 80. XX w.) oraz (4) intensywnej ewolucji (od lata 80/90).
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
68449. The Prognoz 10 - Intercosmos satellite
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
68450. The prospect for potent sodium voltage-gated channel blockers to relieve an excessive cough
- Creator:
- Brozmanova, Mariana and Pavelkova, Nikoleta
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- airway sensory nerves, A-fibers, C-fibers, cough, and voltagegated sodium channel blockers
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- An excessive, irritable, productive or non-productive coughing associated with airway inflammation belongs to pathological cough. Increased activation of airway vagal nociceptors in pathological conditions results from dysregulation of the neural pathway that controls cough. A variety of mediators associated with airway inflammation overstimulate these vagal airway fibers including C-fibers leading to hypersensitivity and hyperreactivity. Because current antitussives have limited efficacy and unwanted side effects there is a continual demand for the development of a novel more effective antitussives for a new efficacious and safe cough treatment. Therefore, inhibiting the activity of these vagal C-fibers represents a rational approach to the development of effective antitussive drugs. This may be achieved by blocking inflammatory mediator receptors or by blocking the generator potential associated with the specific ion channels. Because voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) are absolutely required for action potentials initiation and conduction irrespective of the stimulus, NaVs become a promising neural target. There is evidence that NaV1.7, 1.8 and 1.9 subtypes are predominantly expressed in airway cough-triggering nerves. The advantage of blocking these NaVs is suppressing C-fiber irrespective to stimuli, but the disadvantage is that by suppressing the nerves is may also block beneficial sensations and neuronal reflex behavior. The concept is that new antitussive drugs would have the benefit of targeting peripheral airway nociceptors without inhibiting the protective cough reflex.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public