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77622. Why determinism in physics has no implications for free will
- Creator:
- Esfeld, Michael
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- classical mechanics, determinism, free will, functional reduction, Humeanism, physical laws, quantum mechanics, klasická mechanika, determinismus, svobodná vůle, funkční redukce, Humeanismus, fyzikální zákony, and kvantová mechanika
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- This paper argues for the following three theses: (1) There is a clear reason to prefer physical theories with deterministic dynamical equations: such theories are maximally rich in information and usually also maximally simple. (2) There is a clear way how to introduce probabilities in a deterministic physical theory, namely as answer to the question of what evolution of a specific system we can reasonably expect under ignorance of its exact initial conditions. This procedure works in the same manner for both classical and quantum physics. (3) There is no cogent reason to take the parameters that enter into the (deterministic) dynamical equations of physics to refer to properties of the physical systems. Granting an ontological status to parameters such as mass, charge, wave functions and the like does not lead to a gain in explanation, but only to artificial problems. Against this background, I argue that there is no conflict between determinism in physics and free will (on whatever conception of free will), and, in general, point out the limits of science when it comes to the central metaphysical issues., Tato práce se zabývá následujícími třemi tezemi: (1) Existuje jasný důvod preferovat fyzikální teorie s deterministickými dynamickými rovnicemi: takové teorie jsou maximálně bohaté na informace a obvykle také maximálně jednoduché. (2) Existuje jasná cesta, jak zavést pravděpodobnosti do deterministické fyzikální teorie, a to jako odpověď na otázku, jaký vývoj určitého systému můžeme rozumně očekávat za nevědomosti jeho přesných počátečních podmínek. Tento postup funguje stejně pro klasickou i kvantovou fyziku. (3) Neexistuje žádný přesvědčivý důvod vzít v úvahu parametry, které vstupují do (deterministických) dynamických rovnic fyziky, aby odkazovaly na vlastnosti fyzikálních systémů. Udělení ontologického stavu parametrům, jako je hmotnost, náboj, vlnové funkce a podobně, nevede k zisku ve vysvětlení, ale pouze na umělé problémy. Na tomto pozadí tvrdím, že neexistuje žádný konflikt mezi determinismem ve fyzice a svobodnou vůlí (na jakékoli koncepci svobodné vůle) a obecně poukazuje na hranice vědy, pokud jde o ústřední metafyzické otázky., and Michael Esfeld
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
77623. Why did you really do it? Human reasoning and reasons for action
- Creator:
- Gascón, José Ángel
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- cognitive psychology, engexplanation, justification, motivation, rationalization, and reasons for action
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- During the last decades several studies in cognitive psychology have shown that many of our actions do not depend on the reasons that we adduce afterwards, when we have to account for them. Our decisions seem to be often influenced by normatively or explanatorily irrelevant features of the environment of which we are not aware, and the reasons we offer for those decisions are a posteriori rationalisations. But exactly what reasons has the psychological research uncovered? In philosophy, a distinction has been commonly made between normative and motivating reasons: normative reasons make an action right, whereas motivating reasons explain our behaviour. Recently, Maria Alvarez has argued that, apart from normative (or justifying) reasons, we should further distinguish between motivating and explanatory reasons. We have, then, three kinds of reasons, and it is not clear which of them have been revealed as the real reasons for our actions by the psychological research. The answer we give to this question will have important implications both for the validity of our classifications of reasons and for our understanding of human action.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
77624. Why do we have purkinje fibers deep in our heart?
- Creator:
- Sedmera, D. and Gourdie, R. G.
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, srdce, fyziologie, heart, physiology, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Purkinje fibers were the first discovered component of the cardiac conduction system. Origin ally described in sheep in 1839 as pale subendocardial cells, they were found to be present, although with different morphology, in all mammalian and avian hearts. Here we review differences in their appearance and extent in different species, summarize the current state of knowledge of their function, and provide an update on markers for these cells. Special emphasis is given to popular model species and human anatomy., D. Sedmera, R. G. Gourdie., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
77625. Why does the Namib Desert tenebrionid Onymacris unguicularis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) fog-bask?
- Creator:
- Naidu, Strinivasan G.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Water balance, osmoregulation, lipid, Tenebrionidae, Onymacris unguicularis, Namib Desert, and glycerol
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Dehydration of Onymacris unguicularis (Haag) for 10 days at 27°C resulted in a weight loss of 14.9%, and a 37% decrease in haemolymph volume. Although there was an overall decrease in the lipid content during this period, metabolic water production was insufficient to maintain total body water (TBW). Rehydration resulted in increases in body weight (6.2% of initial weight), TBW (to normality), and haemolymph volume (sub-normal at the end of rehydration). Despite an increase of 44.0 mg in the wet weight of O. unguicularis after drinking for 1h, there was little change in the water content at this time, although the total lipid content increased significantly. Increases in haemolymph osmolality, sodium, potassium, chloride, amino acid and total sugar concentrations during dehydration were subject to osmoregulatory control. No evidence of an active amino acid-soluble protein interchange was noted during dehydration or rehydration. Haemolymph trehalose levels were significantly increased at the end of rehydration (relative to immediate pre-rehydration values), indicating de novo sugar synthesis at this time. Osmotic and ionic regulation was evident during rehydration, but control of OP during haemolymph-dilution is poor and accomplished largely by the addition to the haemolymph of free amino acids and solute(s) not measured in this study. There was little mobilization of sodium and chloride ions from storage sites at this time. The lesser osmoregulatory ability of Onymacris unguicularis and perhaps earlier susceptibility to osmotic stress, a significantly high normal blood glycerol level (relative to other diurnal adesmiine tenebrionids), and a water storage mechanism associated with synthesis of fat, probably all contribute to the development of fog-basking behaviour in this species. Water gain in O. unguicularis during periods of relative drought is probably largely accomplished by a greater food consumption.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
77626. Why does the radio activity accompanying the flares in the two large active regions of June 1982 differ so much?
- Creator:
- Bumba, V. and Klvaňa, M.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- heliophysics, radio-emission activity, and flares
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- An attempt is presented to explain the large difference in the intensity, frequency range and number of radio activity events following the large flares in the two complex active regions of June 1982 (NOAA Nos. 3763 and 3776). The topology of their local magnetic fields in relation to the global field is discussed as one of the main factors causing this effect.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
77627. Why don't migrants with secondary education return?
- Creator:
- Ivanova, Renata, Jeong, Byeongju, Kejak, Michal, Univerzita Karlova. Centrum pro ekonomický výzkum a doktorské studium, and Národohospodářský ústav (Akademie věd ČR)
- Publisher:
- CERGE-EI
- Format:
- electronic and 45 s.
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Subject:
- Demografie. Populace, emigrace a imigrace, reemigrace, středoškolské studium, vzdělávání, matematické modelování, 314.15-026.44, 314.151.7, 373.5/.6+377.1/.3, 519.673, (048.8), 18, and 314
- Language:
- English and Czech
- Description:
- Tento článek se pokouší vysvětlit schema ve tvaru U v míře návratu migrantů ve vztahu k dosaženému vzdělání. Vytváříme OLG model na dvě období, kde jsou rozhodnutí emigrovat a navrátit se udělána činiteli, kteří jsou heterogenní z pohledu dosaženého vzdělání. Imigrační politika je brána v potaz jako další determinanta migračního rozhodnutí. Model předpovídá, že kombinace dvou sil - relativní návratnost vzdělávání a nejisté příležitosti pro přizpůsobení statusu - vede ke kladným podmínkám k tomu, aby migranti se středoškolským vzděláním zůstali v zahraničí natrvalo., Renata Ivanova, Byeongju Jeong ; editor: Michal Kejak., and born digital
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
77628. Why has the COVID-19 pandemic had a limited impact on the primary housing market in Poland?
- Creator:
- Augustyniak, Hanna, Łaszek, Jacek, Olszewski, Krzysztof, and Waszczuk, Joanna
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- housing market, COVID-19, accelerator, and structural change
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In this paper we present the first insight about the impact of the COVID epidemic on the pri-mary housing market in Poland, with a focus on Warsaw which is the largest market. We ex-plain the structural features that allowed the market to return to pre-shock levels after the pandemic shock. Contrary, after the 2007-2008 global financial crisis the negative consequences lasted for several years. This time a sharp monetary policy and fiscal intervention was carried out. Moreover, the developer sector is much more mature, has expanded its production capaci-ties. We show empirically that the monopolistic competition of developers allowed them to restrict excessive demand that was observed before the COVID broke out. In this way they were able to increase prices despite the economic problems. Another important structural change was the increased housing demand, mainly for investment housing, which was fi-nanced predominantly with cash and contributed to the development of the rental market. We approximate the investment demand, which was generated by private households that pur-chased flats for rental, with the help of a simple demand and supply model.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
77629. Why is Coccinella septempunctata so successful? (A point-of-view)
- Creator:
- Hodek, Ivo and Michaud, J.P.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coccinella septempunctata, Harmonia axyridis, Adalia bipunctata, Coleomegilla maculata, biological control, diapause, diet, foraging, intraguild predation, migration, oviposition, polyphenism, reproduction, and voltinism
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Factors were examined that could be responsible for the predominance of Coccinella septempunctata (C7) in most habitats of the Palaearctic and for its successful invasion of the Nearctic Region. C7 is euryphagous, but less polyphagous than Harmonia axyridis or Coleomegilla maculata in that it cannot develop or reproduce on non-aphid food. The intraguild status of C7 is intermediate. Although adult size is large, preimaginal stages are palatable to those of H. axyridis and Adalia bipunctata, whereas it is not an intraguild predator of these species. Although these traits appear to be neutral or negative, many aspects of population plasticity are advantageous for C7, often acting in concert with a bet-hedging strategy. Given its high mobility and eurytopy, the inhibition of oviposition in the presence of conspecific larval trails represents an adaptive advantage that favors increased egg dispersal and lowers the risk of offspring mortality due to cannibalism. The ability to temporarily suspend oviposition, combined with heterogenous voltinism and diapause tendencies, enable a portion of C7 populations to feed and reproduce on unpredictably occurring aphid populations. An absence of reproductive diapause in males and pre-hibernation mating are other significant adaptations, along with the tendency to produce offspring in excess of the carrying capacity of local food resources. We suggest that one explanation for the broad geographic success of C7 resides in an ecological plasticity that is based on both genetic and phenotypic polymorphisms.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
77630. Why is it better to produce coffee seedlings in full sunlight than in the shade? A morphophysiological approach
- Creator:
- Moraes, G. A. B. K., Chaves, A. R. M., Martins, S. C. V., Barros, R. S., and DaMatta, F. M.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- botanika, botany, biomass allocation, Coffea, growth, oxidative stress, photoinhibition, photosynthesis, and xanthophylls
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- The coffee plant is native to shaded environments and its seedlings are often produced in shaded nurseries. However, some nursery managers, in an effort to improve the acclimation of seedlings to field conditions after transplantation, produce seedlings in full sun exposure. In this study, the morphological and physiological parameters of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) seedlings produced in full sun (T1) and in shade (T2) were examined. The biomass accumulation and relative growth rate of T1 and T2 seedlings were similar. The T1 seedlings had less biomass allocation to shoots, a lower leaf mass ratio and a lower leaf area ratio; however, they had a greater net assimilation rate (rate of increase in plant mass per unit leaf area), which was associated with a greater net photosynthetic rate. There were no alterations in the concentrations of total chlorophylls or in the chlorophyll a/b ratio when comparing T1 and T2 seedlings. No indications of photoinhibition or photooxidative damage were observed in the T1 plants, which were shown to have a more robust antioxidant system than the T2 plants. Seedlings transferred from shade to full sun (T3) were not capable of utilising the incident extra light to fix CO2. These seedlings showed a remarkable nocturnal retention of zeaxanthin and a significantly increased deepoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle, even at predawn, but the activity of antioxidant enzymes was lower than in the T1 and T2 plants. Despite the acclimation capacity of T3 seedlings to the new light environment, they exhibited chronic photoinhibition and considerable photooxidative damage throughout the seven days following the transfer to full sun exposure. We further discuss the practical implications of producing coffee seedlings in full sunlight and under shade. and G. A. B. K. Moraes ... [et al.].
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public