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2415. Continuity and discontinuity in the history of the welfare state in Czechoslovakia (1918-1956)

Creator:
Rákosník, Jakub
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
historiography and Czechoslovak social policy
Language:
English
Description:
This article focuses on the long-term trends in the development of social policy between the First World War and the mid-1950s. The author begins by summarising the main ideas of his own previous articles and books. He emphasises the continuity and discontinuity in the general conception of Czechoslovak social policy in this period. He also considers conceptual questions, particularly those that would help to explain how the basic terms are employed in historical analysis. The article moves between the two poles of the construction of causality - structural explanation and voluntaristic explanation. The content of the article can be aptly summed up in a neat metaphor: from Bismarck by way of Beveridge to Stalin. In personifi ed form, this shortcut expresses the long-term development of Czechoslovak social policy: from an emphasis on principles of merit, characteristic of the traditional German and Austrian social insurance schemes, by way of a considerably more egalitarian national insurance from 1948 (strongly infl uenced by the British system), to the Soviet model of social security, which developed from 1951 to 1956. The article also considers important changes in social legislation in the Czechoslovak Republic in this period, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

2416. Continuous field soil moisture content mapping by means of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measurement

Creator:
Nagy, Viliam, Milics, Gábor, Smuk, Norbert, Kovács, Attila József, Balla, István, Jolánkai, Márton, Deákvári, József, Szalay, Kornél D., Fenyvesi , László, Štekauerová, Vlasta, Wilhelm, Zoltán, Rajkai, Kálmán, Németh, Tamás, and Neményi, Miklós
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
moisture content mapping, apparent electrical conductivity, data preparation and interpolation, and precision agriculture
Language:
Slovak
Description:
A soil moisture content map is important for providing information about the distribution of moisture in a given area. Moisture content directly influences agricultural yield thus it is crucial to have accurate and reliable information about moisture distribution and content in the field. Since soil is a porous medium modified generalized Archie’s equation provides the basic formula to calculate moisture content data based on measured ECa. In this study we aimed to find a more accurate and cost effective method for measuring moisture content than manual field sampling. Locations of 25 sampling points were chosen from our research field as a reference. We assumed that soil moisture content could be calculated by measuring apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) using the Veris-3100 on-the-go soil mapping tool. Statistical analysis was carried out on the 10.791 ECa raw data in order to filter the outliers. The applied statistical method was ±1.5 interquartile (IRQ) distance approach. The visualization of soil moisture distribution within the experimental field was carried out by means of ArcGIS/ArcMAP using the inverse distance weighting interpolation method. In the investigated 25 sampling points, coefficient of determination between calculated volumetric moisture content data and measured ECa was R2 = 0.87. According to our results, volumetric moisture content can be mapped by applying ECa measurements in these particular soil types.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

2417. Contortionist, caricature and the grotesque body

Creator:
Winter, Tomáš
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Language:
Czech
Description:
Contortionist (1931) was one of the earliest oils created by the painter František Tichý during his five years in Paris. The painter returned to this subject matter in further works that reached their peak in paintings made in 1945. For Tichý, the Parisian period was a time of reassessment of his own style as a painter and the development of a highly individual technique based on Seurat-esque postimpressionism. Past interpreters of Tichý's works have already commented on certain elements of tension and ambivalence in his brushwork, enhanced by a particular treatment of light and building of space. Similar aspects are conveyed in the choice of subjects, including the contortionist. This article draws attention to historical examples of treatments of the contortionist figure and to links with the Devětsil movement, which shared with Tichý a strong fascination with circus. The article likewise shows that Tichý's contortionist figure is indebted to a bizarre drawing of two copulating homosexuals, its subversive quality further emphasised by scatological themes. Since Tichý produced other versions of the contortionist theme that allude to the act of excretion, this figure may be understood as a representative of the grotesque body as defined by Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin. Tichý's work thus corresponds in certain points with the art of Jindřich Štyrský and the Surrealists, who were likewise attracted to scatological themes and also with the work of satirical draughtsmen and caricaturists, with a longer tradition of scatological subjects reaching back to the 16th century. Examples of period reviews demonstrate that Tichý's paintings were rich in associative meanings, akin to the perception of Surrealist works and the Surrealist discovery of concrete irrationality. Tichý's works oscillated between social critique in terms of subject matter, a personally engaged self-stylisation and a certain subversiveness that disrupted the conventional meanings of the individual themes. and Jedno z prvních pláten, která vytvořil František Tichý během svého pětiletého pobytu v Paříži, byl olej Hadí muž (1931). Tomuto motivu se malíř věnoval i v dalších pracích, vrcholících obrazy z roku 1945. Pařížské období znamenalo pro Tichého přehodnocení jeho malířského rukopisu a nalezení osobité techniky, vycházející ze seuratovského postimpresionismu. Již předešlí interpreti Tichého tvorby odhalili v jeho štětcové technice prvky napětí a ambivalence, podpořené specifickým zacházením se světlem a budováním prostoru. Tyto momenty se přenášejí i do obsahu ztvárňovaných námětů včetně hadího muže. Článek poukazuje na historické příklady zachycení této figury a na spojitosti s hnutím Devětsil, v němž hrála stejně jako u Tichého významnou roli inspirace cirkusem. Současně dokládá, že pro genezi Tichého hadího muže byla podstatná bizarní kresba dvou souložících homosexuálů, jejíž podvratnost byla ještě zvýrazněna skatologickou tematikou. Jelikož některé další Tichého postavy hadího muže odkazují k aktu exkrece, můžeme tuto figuru chápat jako reprezentanta groteskního těla, jak ho definoval Michail Michajlovič Bachtin. Tichý se tak v určitých bodech stýkal s tvorbou Jindřicha Štyrského a surrealistů, kteří byli skatologickými motivy rovněž přitahováni. Podobně tomu bylo také u satirických kreslířů a karikaturistů, kde však měla skatologická tematika delší tradici, sahající do 16. století. Příklady dobové recepce dokládají, že Tichého obrazy navozovaly asociativní významy, nikoli nepodobné vnímání surrealistické tvorby a surrealistickému objevování konkrétní iracionality. Tichého plátna oscilovala mezi sociálně-kritickým obsahem, osobně angažovanou autostylizací a určitou podvratností, narušující konvenční význam jednotlivých motivů.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

2418. Contrasting books on clay mineral science: how should they be judged? (Shortened title: two books on clay mineral science)

Creator:
Jeans, Christopher V.
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Geologie. Meteorologie. Klimatologie, Neumann, Barbara, rejstříky, indexes, laponite test, critical analysis, accuracy, editorial quality, 7, and 551
Language:
English
Description:
Clays (2005) and the Handbook of Clay Science (2006) are new textbooks. Clays, written by Alain Meunier, is for those studying earth sciences. The Handbook of Clay Science, edited by Faїza Bergaya, Benny Theng and Gerhard Lagaly, is concerned particularly with the industrial application of clay mineral science. Both books ar e timely and could fill important gaps in the library of mineral science. Their quality as textbooks is discussed. Critical an alysis of editorial accuracy, indexes and user-friendliness indic ate that both books fall short of the high standards that should be the hallmark of academic publication. Their shortcomings seem to be related to widespread problems that may beset commercial publica tion of scientific books., Christopher V. Jeans., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

2419. Contrasting changes of photosystem 2 efficiency in Arabidopsis xanthophyll mutants at room or low temperature under high irradiance stress

Creator:
Peng, Chang-Lian and Gilmore, A. M.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
antheraxanthin, β-carotene, chlorophyll, fluorescence, light-harvesting complex, lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and zeaxanthin
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
We compared the responses of wild type (WT) and three mutants including npq1 (lutein-replete and violaxanthin deepoxidase-deficient), lut2 (lutein-deficient), and lut2-npq1 (double mutant) to high irradiance (HI, 2 000 μmol m-2 s-1) at both low (LT, 5 °C) and room (25 °C) temperature. Xanthophyll-dependent energy dissipation was highest in the WT, followed by the lut2, npq1, and npq1-lut2. At 25 °C the relative stress tolerance expressed by Fv/Fm was consistent with the energy dissipation capacity for the first 2 h of treatment. After 3-4 h, the Fv/Fm levels in lut2 and npq1 converged. Under combined LT and HI the relative tolerance sequence was in contrast to the energy dissipation capacity being WT > npq1> lut2 > lut2-npq1. There were little or no significant change in the contents of xanthophylls and carotenes or the chlorophyll (Chl) a/b ratio in any of the materials. Thus lutein (L) substitution possibly alters the conformation/organisation of L binding proteins to enhance damage susceptibility under HI at LT. The enhanced vulnerability is not compensated for the energy dissipation capacity in the lut2 background at LT. and Chang-Lian Peng, A. M. Gilmore.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

2420. Contrasting effects of carbon dioxide and irradiance on the acclimation of photosynthesis in developing soybean leaves

Creator:
Bunce, J. A.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
dry matter accumulation, feed inhibition, Glycine max, protein, photosynthetic CO2 and O2 exchange, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, and source-sing balance
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
Leaves developed at high irradiance (I) often have higher photosynthetic capacity than those developed at low I, while leaves developed at elevated CO2 concentration [CO2] often have reduced photosynthetic capacity compared with leaves developed at lower [CO2]. Because both high I and elevated [CO2] stimulate photosynthesis of developing leaves, their contrasting effects on photosynthetic capacity at maturity suggest that the extra photosynthate may be utilized differently depending on whether I or [CO2] stimulates photosynthesis. These experiments were designed to test whether relationships between photosynthetic income and the net accumulation of soluble protein in developing leaves, or relationships between soluble protein and photosynthetic capacity at full expansion differed depending on whether I or [CO2] was varied during leaf development. Soybean plants were grown initially with a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 950 µmol m-2 s-1 and 350 µmol [CO2] mol-1, then exposed to [CO2] ranging from 135 to 1400 µmol mol-1 for the last 3 d of expansion of third trifoliolate leaves. These results were compared with experiments in which I was varied at a constant [CO2] of 350 µmol mol-1 over the same developmental period. Increases in area and dry mass over the 3 d were determined along with daily photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic CO2 exchange characteristics and soluble protein content of leaves were determined at the end of the treatment periods. The increase in leaflet mass was about 28 % of the dry mass income from photosynthesis minus respiration, regardless of whether [CO2] or I was varied, except that very low I or [CO2] increased this percentage. Leaflet soluble protein per unit of area at full expansion had the same positive linear relationship to photosynthetic income whether [CO2] or I was varied. For variation in I, photosynthetic capacity varied directly with soluble protein per unit area. This was not the case for variation in [CO2]. Increasing [CO2] reduced photosynthetic capacity per unit of soluble protein by up to a factor of 2.5, and photosynthetic capacity exhibited an optimum with respect to growth [CO2]. Thus CO2 did not alter the relationship between photosynthetic income and the utilization of photosynthate in the net accumulation of soluble protein, but did alter the relationship between soluble protein content and photosynthetic characteristics in this species.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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