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2592. Decomposing Stimulus Complexes and Dissecting Art: A Theory of Evaluation
- Creator:
- Huston, J. P.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, studie, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie člověka, human physiology, Model, Complex stimuli, Art, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A theoretical model is presented, which attempts to account for the evaluation of complex stimuli in terms of their constituent elements that are relevant to the intent of the assessment. The subjective evaluation of a compound stimulus is postulated to be a function of the number, weight and integrity of critical components, or sub-qualities, and their interactions. The model has application to the evaluation of any stimulus complex including works of “art”. For illustrative purpose, it will here be applied to the analysis of pictorial works of art., J. P. Huston., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2593. Decrease in serum interleukin-21 levels is associated with disease activity improvement in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis
- Creator:
- Sglunda, O., Mann, H. F., Hana Hulejová, Pecha, O., Lenka Pleštilová, Olga Růžičková, Fojtíková, M., Olga Šléglová, Šárka Forejtová, Karel Pavelka, Jiří Vencovský, and Ladislav Šenolt
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, revmatoidní artritida, rheumatoid arthritis, interleukin-21, disease activity, remission, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Interleukin-21 (IL-21) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of our study was to assess serum levels of IL-21 in patients with recent-onset RA in relation to disease activity and response to treatment. We analyzed serum levels of IL-21 in 51 RA patients, both before and 12 weeks after the initiation of treatment and in 36 healthy individuals. Disease activity was assessed at baseline and at weeks 12 and 24 using the Disease Activity Score for 28 joints, serum levels of C-reactive protein, and the total swollen joint count. We found that IL-21 levels were not increased in patients with recent-onset RA compared with healthy controls, but they had significantly decreased from baseline to week 12 during treatment. Baseline levels of IL-21 significantly correlated with measures of disease activity (p<0.02 for all). Although IL-21 levels did not predict achievement of remission, decrease in IL-21 levels correlated with improvement in disease activity after 12 weeks (p<0.02) and also after 24 weeks (p<0.04) of treatment. Our data suggest that circulating IL-21 levels may serve as a biomarker of disease activity and better outcome in early phase of RA., O. Sglunda, H. F. Mann, H. Hulejová, O. Pecha, L. Pleštilová, O. Růžičková, M. Fojtíková, O. Šléglová, Š. Forejtová, K. Pavelka, J. Vencovský, L. Šenolt., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2594. Decrease of fluorescence intensity after the K step in chlorophyll a fluorescence induction is suppressed by electron acceptors and donors to photosystem 2
- Creator:
- Lazár, D., Pospíšil, P., and Nauš, J.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- charge recombination, fluorescence quenching, high temperature stress, and Pisum sativum
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Chlorophyll a fluorescence induction measured by a fluorometer with a high temperature stressed plant material shows a new K step which is a clear peak due to fast fluorescence rise and subsequent decrease of fluorescence intensity. We focused on an explanation of the decrease of fluorescence after the K step using artificial electron acceptors and donors to photosystem 2 (PS2). Addition of the artificial electron acceptors or donors suppressed the decrease of fluorescence after the K step. We suggest that the decrease mainly reflects (by more than 81 %) an energy loss process in the reaction centre of PS2 which is most probably a nonradiative charge recombination between P680+ (oxidised primary electron donor in PS2) and a negative charge stored on either Pheo- or QA- (reduced primary electron acceptor of PS2 and reduced primary quinone electron acceptor of PS2, respectively). We suggest that the energy loss process is only possible when the inhibition of both the donor and the acceptor sides of PS2 occurs. and D. Lazár, P. Pospíšil, J. Nauš.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2595. Defeating diplostomoid dangers in USA catfish aquaculture
- Creator:
- Overstreet, Robin M. and Curran, Stephen S.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Diplostomoidea, Clinostomum, aquaculture, pathology, catfish, birds, snails, control methods, and USA
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Diplostomoid digenean metacercariae have caused widescale mortalities of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), at aquaculture farms in Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas, USA. Originally, based on a tentative diagnosis, the industry considered the primary harmful agent to be an introduced species from Europe, Bolbophorus confusus (Krause, 1914), frequently reported from the American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. Our group has now shown, using ITS 1-2 plus three more-conservative gene fragments, that two sympatric species of Bolbophorus exist in the American white pelican. One, B. damnificus Overstreet et Curran, 2002, infects the musculature of catfish, and the other, probably not B. confusus, does not infect catfish. However, at least four other pathogenic diplostomoids and a clinostomoid infect the catfish, and they use at least four different snail hosts, including the planorbids Planorbella trivolvis (Say) and Gyraulus parvus (Say), the physid Physella gyrina (Say) and a lymnaeid. Two metacercariae, B. damnificus and Bursacetabulus pelecanus Dronen, Tehrany et Wardle, 1999, infect the catfish and mature in the pelican; two others, Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) and Hysteromorpha cf. triloba (Rudolphi, 1819), mature in cormorants; one, Diplostomum sp., matures in seagulls and at least one, Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819), matures in herons, egrets and other wading birds. Consequently, management of catfish ponds relative to digenean infections requires considerable biological information on the fish, bird, and snail hosts as well as the parasites.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2596. Defence response produced during photodynamic damage in transgenic rice overexpressing 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase
- Creator:
- Jung, S., Back, K., Yang, K., Kuk, Y. I., and Chon, S.-U.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, antheraxanthin, antioxidant, chlorophyll, non-photochemical quenching, Oryza, photodynamic stress, violaxanthin, and zeaxanthin
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Photodynamic and photoprotective responses at different irradiances were investigated in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) expressing Bradyrhizobium japonicum 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S). With high irradiance (HI) of 350 µmol m-2 s-1, transgenic lines P5 and P14 showed a decrease in contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and the chloroplast-encoded gene psbA mRNA, whereas a decrease in light-harvesting Chl-binding proteins was observed only in P14. These effects were not observed in the wild-type (WT) line treated with HI or all of the lines treated with low irradiance (LI) of 150 µmol m-2 s-1. HI resulted in a greater decrease in the quantum yield of photosystem 2 and a greater increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in the transgenic lines, particularly in P14, compared to WT. Photoprotective zeaxanthin contents increased at HI, even though carotenoid contents were lower in the transgenic lines compared to WT. When exposed to HI, superoxide dismutase greatly increased in transgenic lines P5 and P14, but peroxidase and glutathione reductase increased only in P14, in which more photodynamic damage occurred. Thus the greater expression of ALA-S in the transgenic plants developed the stronger protective functions, i.e. the increased values of NPQ and zeaxanthin, as well as more photodynamic reactions, i.e. decreased photosynthetic component and efficiency, in the photosynthetic complexes. However, the photodynamic reactions indicate that the antioxidant capacity was insufficient to cope with the severe stress triggered by photoactive porphyrins in the transgenic rice expressing ALA-S. and S. Jung ... [et al.].
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2597. Defending the good dog picture of virtues
- Creator:
- Mărăşoiu, Andrei Ionuţ
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- experience, expertise, fluency, intellectual virtue, moral virtue, necessitation, normativity, rationality, and reflection
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- I consider and reject a specific criticism advanced by Korsgaard against virtue ethics and epistemology when these are conceived with the help of what she calls the image of the “Good Dog.” I consider what virtue ethics and epistemology would look like if the Good Dog picture of virtues were largely correct. I argue that attention to the features that make Korsgaard undermine the usefulness of virtues when conceived along the lines of the Good Dog picture reveals the opposite of what she claims. On the Good Dog picture, virtue ethics and epistemology are seen as more promising approaches to rationality than Korsgaard’s own advocacy of reflection.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2598. Deficit of coenzyme Q in heart and liver mitochondria of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes
- Creator:
- Jarmila Kucharská, Braunová, Z., Oľga Uličná, Zlatoš, L., and Anna Gvozdjáková
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, diabetes mellitus, mitochondrie, oxidační stres, mitochondrias, oxidative stress, alpha-tocopherol, coenzyme Q, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress participate in the development of diabetic complications, however, the mechanisms of their origin are not entirely clear. Coenzyme Q has an important function in mitochondrial bioenergetics and is also a powerful antioxidant. Coenzyme Q (CoQ) regenerates alpha-tocopherol to its active form and prevents atherogenesis by protecting low-density lipoproteins against oxidation. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the experimentally induced diabetes mellitus is associated with changes in the content of endogenous antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, coenzymes Q9 and Q10) and in the intensity of lipoperoxidation. These biochemical parameters were investigated in the blood and in the isolated heart and liver mitochondria. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (45 mg.kg-1), insulin was administered once a day for 8 weeks (6 U.kg-1). The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol and CoQ homologues in the blood of the diabetic rats were increased. The CoQ9/cholesterol ratio was reduced. In heart and liver mitochondria of the diabetic rats we found an increased concentration of alpha-tocopherol, however, the concentrations of CoQ9 and CoQ10 were decreased. The formation of malondialdehyde was enhanced in the plasma and heart mitochondria. The results have demonstrated that experimental diabetes is associated with increased lipoperoxidation, in spite of the increased blood concentrations of antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and CoQ. These changes may be associated with disturbances of lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. An important finding is that heart and liver mitochondria from the diabetic rats contain less CoQ9 and CoQ10 in comparison with the controls. We suppose that the deficit of coenzyme Q can participate in disturbances of mitochondrial energy metabolism of diabetic animals., J. Kucharská, Z. Braunová, O. Uličná, L. Zlatoš, A. Gvozdjáková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2599. Definice a měření optických frekvencí: Příležitost pro optické hodiny - a ještě něco
- Creator:
- Hall, John L. and Gregora, Ivan
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- optika, laserová technika, metrologie, optics, laser technology, metrology, 6, and 53
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- V letech 1999 a 2000 se setkaly a sloučily čtyři tradiční směry laserové technologie. Dva z nich byly zaměřeny na hledání stabilní opakovací frekvence stále kratších optických impulsů a na hledání co možná nejstabilnější neměnné optické frekvence. Sňatek ultrarychlých a ultrastabilních laserů zprostředkovaly převážně dva mezinárodní týmy, a k největšímu vzrušení došlo, když přišlo na svět mikrostrukturované optické vlákno zvláštní konstrukce, které bylo natolik nelineární, že bylo schopné produkovat "bílé světlo" z femtosekundových impulsů, takže výstupní spektrum obsáhlo celou optickou oktávu. Pak se poprvé podařilo realizovat interval optických frekvencí, který se rovnal nejnižší frekvenci hřebenu, a odpočítat tento interval jako násobek opakovací frekvence femtosekundového impulsního laseru. Takové, převodovku připomínající spojení mezi radiofrekvenčním standardem a jakýmkoli oprickým frekvenčním standardem, se objevilo, právě když dozrávaly ideje o zvyšování citlivosti. Čtyřčlenné spojení vedlo k explozi přesných měření frekvence a připravilo cestu pro rafinované testy některých našich draze opatrovaných fyzikálních principů, jako časové stability některých základních čísel ve fyzice (např. konstanty "jemné struktury", rychlosti světla, určitých poměrů atomových hmotností...), a ekvivalenci času měřeného hodinami založenými na různých fyzikálních jevech. Technologie stabilních laserů také umožňuje časově synchronizovat dva nezávislé femtosekundové lasery tak přesně, že se chovají, jako by zdrojem byl jediný laser. Zdokonalení experimentů s čerpacím a sondovacím svazkem přinese významnou aplikaci prostorového skenování biologických vzorků, které bude specifické pro konkrétní vazbu. Následující dekáda v optické fyzice by měla být ohromující., John L. Hall ; přeložil Ivan Gregora., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2600. Deflektometrická metoda rekonstrukce optických ploch
- Creator:
- Opat, Jan and Mikš, Antonín
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- optics and optika
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Detailed theoretical analysis of the shape measurement of optical surfaces based on light reflection on the measured surface is provided. Relations are given for computing the parameters of the reflected beam on the measured surface and its record on the light detector. Deflectometric equation is derived for oblique incident beam on the measured surface and the method of its solution are given. and Je uvedena podrobná teoretická analýza měření tvaru optických ploch na základě odrazu světla na měřené ploše. Jsou uvedeny vztahy pro výpočet parametrů paprsku odraženého na měřené ploše a jeho stopy na detektoru záření. Je odvozena deflektometrická rovnice pro šikmý dopad paprsku na měřenou plochu a způsob jejího řešení.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public