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17692. Z dosavadního výzkumu městských kanceláří v Čechách v době 18. století (zejména na příkladu vybraných východočeských královských věnných měst)

Creator:
Vojtíšková, Jana
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Kingdom of Bohemia, 18th century, town office, official documents, reforms, municipal administration, České království, 18. století, městská kancelář, úřední písemnosti, reformy, and městská správa
Language:
Czech
Description:
Using the example of several royal dowry towns, this article examines the transformation in the practices of town offices in 18th century Bohemia – an important milestone in the field of study under consideration. In earlier times, the sophistication of some town offices – the quality and extent of their official agenda; the number and expertise of their staff – was, as a provisional study of the sources indicates, a reflection of the cultural and economic development as well as the population of the city in question. Each town office had its own individual character, the study of which can provide important insights into the history of our towns. Research into town offices is still in its early stages, as numerous case studies must be undertaken before any solid conclusions can be reached. Yet it is already clear that at the beginning of the 18th century town offices, which can be seen as an extension of city administrations, started implementing changes aimed at unification, especially in the areas of official competences and organizational structure., The process reached its peak as part of a wider conception of judicial reform, which in our towns manifested itself in the so-called regulation of municipalities. In the case of Hradec Králové it is clear these changes must have taken place with a certain continuity of personnel, and that this regional centre had difficulty filling some posts. The task remains for researchers of 18th century history to establish whether and to what extent Bohemian towns were able to fulfil the demands of the reform. The limits imposed on the number of county courts in the 1750s and 1760s is itself an indication that a number of towns were unable to meet all the requirements of the new dispensation. The transformation of the town offices certainly did not occur without external intervention. But pre-existing mechanisms were also at play in the process, as even after such interventions the offices’ performance depended on the quality of the individuals who worked there., and They accrued their life and work experience within a particular environment that modified their personalities in multiple ways. We may therefore assume that future research will also discover sympathisers who lent their support to the incoming reforms. Working conditions were another important factor, with officials complaining of overwork in the years following the introduction of the regulation of municipalities. This too might over time have affected the quality of their work. On the other hand it should be said that even before the reforms, towns had in times of need taken on new staff (e.g. temporary teaching assistants in schools), with the main aim of serving the town’s long-term interests. State interventions and ballooning agendas, however, began to upset this (approximate) balance, until a new division of towns was decreed, this time into three categories based on size and wealth. The result was an acrossthe- board unification, especially in the areas of official competences and organizational structure. Here too there is plenty of room for further research to fill out our knowledge of the 18th century town environment.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

17698. Z pamětí prof. MUDr. Emericha Poláka, DrSc.

Creator:
Hlaváčková, Ludmila and Mášová, Hana
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Prof. Emerich Polák, history of medicine, interwar Czechoslovakia, surgery, and health institutions
Language:
Czech
Description:
Profesor Emerich Polák (1901-1980) byl ve své době jedním z našich nejvýznamnějších chirurgů. Byl nejen vyhlášeným operatérem ovládajícím chirurgii v celé její šíři, ale i autorem řady významných publikací monografických a časopiseckých, autorem a spoluautorem učebnic svého oboru. V polovině 70. let 20. století začal psát své paměti a počítal s jejich vydáním, k čemuž ovšem nedošlo. Paměti obsahují mnoho informací nejen o vývoji chirurgie ve 20. století očima odborníka, ale i o kulturním a společenském životě nebo o těžkých letech okupace. Text pamětí o rozsahu 428 stran se uchoval v několika strojopisech. Vzhledem k tomu, že v dohledné době není naděje na jejich vydání vcelku, budou publikovány alespoň některé jejich části časopisecky. Vybraly jsme část věnovanou popisu každodennosti v podolském sanatoriu a životu ve státní nemocnici v Mukačevě. V podolském sanatoriu Polák působil od roku 1925 do konce roku 1934. Od roku 1921 rovněž jako asistent II. kliniky, po deset let odjížděl operovat do nemocnice v Mukačevě. Část věnovanou sanatoriu v Podolí edičně připravila Ludmila Hlaváčková, část zachycující vzpomínky na Mukačevo připravila Hana Mášová., Professor Emerich Polák (27. 5. 1901 - 27. 8. 1980) was one of the most prominent Czechoslovak surgeons. In 1970s he started to write his memoirs and prepared them for publication, but they stayed in manuscript. The text of 428 pages was preserved in a few copies. It includes a lot of information about development of the surgery in the first half of the 20th century, and much about cultural and social life of that time. The two parts, that were chosen for publication in this magazine, describe the years Emerich Polák spent at the 2nd surgery clinic in the sanatorium in Podolí (Prague) and his ten years in the hospital in Mukačevo, where he worked in the summer seasons since 1921. (Translated by Hana Mášová.), and Překlad resumé: Hana Mášová
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

17699. Z prvních polemik o odpustky v roce 1412

Creator:
Pavel Soukup
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
d’Alignan, Benoît, mistr, Stanislav ze Znojma, asi 1351-1414, Ondřej z Brodu, asi 1360-1427, XXIII., antipapež, Jan, asi 1370-1419, medievalistika, odpustky, husitství, viklefismus, náboženské polemiky, medievalistics, indulgences, Hussitism, Wycliffism, religious polemics, medieval theology, 8, and 930
Language:
Czech
Description:
1412 saw large-scale protests in Prague against crusading indulgences issued by Pope John XXIII. This study identifies and evaluates some polemical manuscript texts that can be situated within the context of this controversy. It offers a critical edition of the anti-indulgence pamphlet Vobis asmodeistis that was found in a money box at Prague Castle on 20 June 1412. The hitherto unknown polemic Motiva pro defensa prelatorum et indulgenciarum is also edited in the appendix. The statement arguing that prelates should not be criticised by their subjects and misdemeanours be dealt with mercy is followed by a Wycliffite refutation. Two manuscript texts on indulgences which were suspected to be treatises from 1412 by Andrew of Brod and Stanislav of Znojmo respectively are an excerpt from the Tractatus fidei by Benoît d’Alignan, with the second paragraph coming from Stanislav’s later work. In sum, the sources examined in this article show the various ways of how the events of 1412 impacted literary output. and Pavel Soukup.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

17700. Z-distributive function lattices

Creator:
Erné, Marcel
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
completely distributive lattice, continuous function, continuous lattice, Scott topology, subset system, Z-continuous, and Z-distributive
Language:
English
Description:
It is known that for a nonempty topological space X and a nonsingleton complete lattice Y endowed with the Scott topology, the partially ordered set [X, Y ] of all continuous functions from X into Y is a continuous lattice if and only if both Y and the open set lattice OX are continuous lattices. This result extends to certain classes of Z-distributive lattices, where Z is a subset system replacing the system D of all directed subsets (for which the D-distributive complete lattices are just the continuous ones). In particular, it is shown that if [X, Y ] is a complete lattice then it is supercontinuous (i.e. completely distributive) iff both Y and OX are supercontinuous. Moreover, the Scott topology on Y is the only one making that equivalence true for all spaces X with completely distributive topology. On the way to these results, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for [X, Y ] to be complete, and some new, purely topological characterizations of continuous lattices by continuity conditions on their (infinitary) lattice operations.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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