Acrylamide (AA) is a highly reactive organic compound capable of polymerization to form polyacrylamide, which is commonly used throughout a variety of industries. Given its toxic effect on humans and animals, the last 20 years have seen an increased interest in research devoted to the AA. One of the main sources of AA is food. AA appears in heated food following the reaction between amino acids and reduced sugars. Large concentrations of AA can be found in popular staples such as coffee, bread or potato products. An average daily consumption of AA is between 0.3-2.0 μg/kg b.w. Inhalation of acrylamide is related with occupational exposure. AA delivered with food is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450. AA biotransformation and elimination result in formation of toxic glycidamide (GA). Both, AA and GA can be involved in the coupling reaction with the reduced glutathione (GSH) forming glutathione conjugates which are excreted with urine. Biotransformation of AA leads to the disturbance in the redox balance. Numerous research proved that AA and GA have significant influence on physiological functions including signal propagation in peripheral nerves, enzymatic and hormonal regulation, functions of muscles, reproduction etc. In addition AA and GA show neurotoxic, genotoxic and cancerogenic properties. In 1994, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified acrylamide as a potentially carcinogenic substance to human., M. Semla, Z. Goc, M. Martiniaková, R. Omelka, G. Formicki., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Abstract: By action model, we understand any logic-based representation of effects and executability preconditions of individual actions within a certain domain. In the context of artificial intelligence, such models are necessary for planning and goal-oriented automated behaviour. Currently, action models are commonly hand-written by domain experts in advance. However, since this process is often difficult, time-consuming, and error-prone, it makes sense to let agents learn the effects and conditions of actions from their own observations. Even though the research in the area of action learning, as a certain kind of inductive reasoning, is relatively young, there already exist several distinctive action learning methods. We will try to identify the collection of the most important properties of these methods, or challenges that they are trying to overcome, and briefly outline their impact on practical applications., Abstrakt: Podle akčního modelu chápeme logickou reprezentaci efektů a předpokladů vykonatelnosti jednotlivých akcí v rámci určité domény. V kontextu umělé inteligence jsou tyto modely nezbytné pro plánování a cílené automatizované chování. V současné době jsou akční modely běžně ručně psány odborníky domény předem. Vzhledem k tomu, že tento proces je často obtížný, časově náročný a náchylný k chybám, má smysl nechat agenty seznámit se s účinky a podmínkami akcí z vlastních pozorování. I když je výzkum v oblasti akčního učení, jako určitý druh indukčního uvažování, relativně mladý, existuje již několik výrazných metod učení. Pokusíme se identifikovat sbírku nejdůležitějších vlastností těchto metod., and Michal Čertický
Helicobacter pylori has been implicated in stimulation of immune system, development of autoimmune endocrinopathies as autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) and on other hand induction of immunosupresion activates gastric and extra-gastric diseases such as gastric ulcer or cancer. It causes persistent lifelong infection despite local and systemic immune response. Our results indicate that Helicobacter pylori might cause inhibition of the specific cellular immune response in Helicobacter pyloriinfected patients with or without autoimmune diseases such as AT. We cannot also declare the carcinogenic effect in oropharynx. However the association of any infection agents and cancerogenesis exists. The adherence of Helicobacter pylori expression and enlargement of benign lymphatic tissue and the high incidence of the DNA of Helicobacter pylori in laryngopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancer is reality. LTT appears to be a good tool for detection of immune memory cellular response in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection and AT. All these complications of Helicobacter pylori infection can be abrogated by successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori., J. Astl, I. Šterzl., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Trusses are suitable load-bearing structural systems for heavy concentrated loads. In this paper, it is shown that it is possible to use active control mechanisms to enhance the load-bearing capacity of the trusses. Under heavy loading, some elernents of a truss might experience high stresses and show non-linear behavior, resulting in large deformations in the truss. Under such a condition, some elernents of the truss might damage which can lead to the collapse of the truss. Application of control forces on some of the degrees of freedom of the truss can render help the truss tolerate larger forces before its collapse. A neural network can then be trained to learn the relationship between the Information about the external loads on the truss, as input, and the required control forces, as output, and act as a neuro-controller for the truss. This method is explained and then tested on a smáli truss to show the capabilities of the method.
Some philosophers hold that it would be impossible for us to do something actively if the physical world were causally closed, i.e., if in the physical world all events were caused by other physical events if they are caused at all. The reason for this view is that these philosophers adhere to what I call the traditional picture of action. Recently, Martine Nida-Rümelin tried to defend this picture by phenomenological considerations. According to the traditional picture a behavior can only count as something an agent does actively if it is ultimately caused by the agent in an agent-causal way. In this paper I adduce three arguments against agent causation: (1) We do not really understand what agent causation is. (2) If agent causation were real, we would be confronted with the strange fact that human agents can only cause certain tiny events in the brain. (3) There is no empirical evidence that agent causation is real. In the last part of my paper I present an alternative account of the difference between what agents do actively and what is done to them., Někteří filosofové se domnívají, že by bylo pro nás nemožné něco aktivně činit, kdyby byl fyzický svět kauzálně uzavřen, tj. Kdyby byly všechny události způsobeny jinými fyzickými událostmi, kdyby byly ve fyzickém světě způsobeny vůbec. Důvodem tohoto názoru je, že tito filozofové dodržují to, čemu říkám tradiční obraz jednání. Nedávno se Martine Nida-Rümelin pokusila tento obraz obhájit fenomenologickými úvahami. Podle tradičního obrazu se chování může počítat pouze jako něco, co agent dělá aktivně, pokud je nakonec způsobeno agentem v kauzálním způsobu. V tomto příspěvku uvádím tři argumenty proti příčinám agenta: (1) Opravdu nechápeme, co je to příčina agenta. (2) Pokud byla příčinná souvislost agenta skutečná, byli bychom konfrontováni s podivnou skutečností, že lidští agenti mohou v mozku způsobit jen určité drobné události. (3) Neexistují žádné empirické důkazy, že příčinná souvislost agentů je skutečná. V poslední části mé práce uvádím alternativní popis rozdílu mezi tím, co agenti aktivně dělají a co se s nimi děje., and Ansgar Beckermann
I review some aspects of recent studies of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their environments. My approach is from the hypothesis that a single AGN phenomenon includes the plethora of object classes whose acronyms pervade the literature. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms of interaction between the cetral engine and its environment, both with regard to the ways in which the observed radiation is produced on a range of spatial scales and to the ways in which the activity is related to outside influences.
Results of radar observatlons of tho Orionid and Eta Aquarid meteor showers carried out In Budrio (Italy) wlthin the IHW program are compared with the simultaneous data from Ondřejov
(Czechoslovakia). The activlty of these showers Is studied in the relation to the motion of large particles ejected from the comet. The activity was found to be independent on tho approach of the parent comet.