Objective: To examine the impact of family history of diabetes mellitus 2 (DM 2) on insulin sensitivity and secretion in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Thirteen healthy women (C), 14 PCOS without family history of DM 2 (FH-) and 8 PCOS with family history of DM 2 (FH+) were examined using euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and an arginine secretion test (insulin and glucagon at fasting glycemia (AIRFG and AGRFG) and at hyperglycemia (AIR14 and AG 14)). FH+ women were more insulin resistant than FH- with lower insulin sensitivity index corrected per lean body mass (p<0.05). They had significantly higher triglycerides (p<0.05) and lower HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) than C or FH- women. Concerning insulin secretion, AIR FG was increased in FH+ women comparing FH- women (p<0.05). Disposition indices derived from AIRFG or AIR14 and insulin sensitivity index did not differ between FH+ or FH-. Thus, women with PCOS with the concomitant family history of DM 2 have lower insulin sensitivity than healthy control women. Insulin resistance observed in these women with PCOS is compensated by increased insulin secretion., J. Vrbíková, T. Grimmichová, K, Dvořáková, M. Hill, S. Stanická, K. Vondra., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Moderately elevated plasma/serum triglycerides (2 -10 m mol/l) signalize increased risk for cardiovascular disease or presence of non- alcoholic steatohepatitis. Extremely elevated triglycerides (more than 10 mmol/l) signalize increased risk for pancreatitis and lipemia retinalis. The concentration of triglycerides is regulated by many genetic and nongenetic factors. Extremely elevated triglycerides not provoked by nutritional factors, especially inappropriate alcohol intake are more likely to have a monogenic cause. On the contrary, mildly to moderately elevated triglycerides are often caused by polygenic disorders; these could be also associated with central obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Concentration of triglycerides is also closely interconnected with presence of atherogenic remnant lipop roteins, impaired reverse cholesterol transport and more atherogenic small LDL particles. In general, there is tight association between triglycerides and many other metabolic factors including intermediate products of lipoprotein metabolism which are freq uently atherogenic. Therefore, reliable evaluation of the independent role of triglycerides especially in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease is difficult. In individual cases values of HDL cholesterol, non -HDL cholesterol (total minus HDL cholester ol), non -HDL/nonLDL cholesterol (total minus HDL minus LDL cholesterol, especially in nonfasting status), atherogenic index of plasma and/or apolipoprotein B could help in decisions regarding a ggressiv eness of treatment., J. Piťha, J. Kovář, T. Blahová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The aim of our study was to evaluate rapid insulin pulses and insulin secretion regularity in fasting state in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in comparison to lean healthy women. PCOS (n=8) and controls (n=7) underwent every minute blood sampling for 60 min. Insulin pulsatility was assessed by deconvolution and insulin secretion regularity by approximate entropy methodology. PCOS had higher testosterone (p<0.02), prolactin (p<0.05) and lower sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (p<0.0006) levels than controls. Approximate entropy, insulin pulse frequency, mass, amplitude and interpulse interval did not differ between PCOS and controls. PCOS had broader insulin peaks determined by a common half-duration (p<0.07). Burst mass correlated positively with testosterone (p<0.05) and negatively with SHBG (p<0.0004) and common half-duration correlated positively with prolactin (p<0.008) and cortisol levels (p<0.03). Approximate entropy positively correlated with BMI (p<0.04) and prolactin (p<0.03). Lean PCOS patients tended to have broader insulin peaks in comparison to healthy controls. Prolactin, androgens and cortisol might participate in alteration of insulin secretion in PCOS-affected women. Body weight and prolactin levels could influence insulin secretion regularity., T. Grimmichová, J. Vrbíková, P. Matucha, K. Vondra, P. P. Veldhuis, M. L. Johnson., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
First intron variability of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) has strong impact on adiposity. We focused on lean women carrying the most “obesity-risk” haplotype to study their anthropometric parameters and hormonal and metabolic profile. Genotype-phenotype correlation was performed in a group of 172 lean women (body mass index (BMI) ≥18.5 and <25 kg/m2; age 26.8±7.26 years), 77 of them used hormonal contraceptives. Even in lean women the association of the risk haplotype CAGA with BMI was confirmed but it did not influence the anthropometric indices of body composition. CAGA carriers compared to non-carriers had significantly higher both fasting (p=0.016) and post glucose load (p<0.001) levels of growth hormone (GH), significantly higher glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels in the late phase of oGTT and lower fasting concentration of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Administration of hormonal contraceptives further increased observed hormonal and metabolic effects in CAGA carriers. We conclude that higher levels of GH in lean women carrying the FTO “obesity risk” haplotype could protect them from the development of obesity. The relation between the FTO gene variability and GH secretion has to be elucidated. This is the first study demonstrating the interaction of FTO genotype with hormonal contraception., P. Lukášová, M. Vaňková, J. Včelák, D. Vejražková, O. Bradnová, S. Stanická, V. Hainer, B. Bendlová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Dietary composition and metabolism of fatty acids (FA) influence insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia and other components of the metabolic syndrome (MS). It is known that patients with MS exhibit a heterogeneous phenotype; however, the relationships of individual FA to MS components have not yet been consistently studied. We examined the plasma phosphatidylcholine FA composition of 166 individuals (68F/98M) with MS and of 188 (87F/101M) controls. Cluster analysis of FA divided the groups into two clusters. In cluster 1, there were 65.7 % of MS patients and 37.8 % of controls, cluster 2 contained 34.3 % of patients and 62.2 % of controls (P<0.001). Those with MS within cluster 1 (MS1) differed from individuals with MS in cluster 2 (MS2) by concentrations of glucose (P<0.05), NEFA (P<0.001), HOMA-IR (P<0.05), and levels of conjugated dienes in LDL (P<0.05). The FA composition in MS1 group differed from MS2 by higher contents of palmitoleic (+30 %), γ-linolenic (+22 %), dihomo-γ-linolenic (+9 %) acids and by a lower content of linoleic acid (–25 %) (all P<0.01). These FA patterns are supposed to be connected with the progression and/or impaired biochemical measures of MS (lipolysis, oxidative stress, dysglycidemia, and insulin resistance)., A. Žák, M. burda, M. Vecka, M. Zeman, E. Tvrzická, B. Staňková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Bariatric surgery is the most effective method in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of bariatric procedures on remission of T2DM and on the fatty acid composition in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Patients included obese diabetic women who underwent bariatric surgery: biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), n=8, laparoscopic gastric banding (LAGB), n=9 or laparoscopic greater curvature plication (LGCP), n=12. Anthropometric characteristics and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue (FA AT) were analyzed before surgery, then 6 months and 2 years after surgery. FA AT was analyzed by gas chromatography. Diabetes remission was estimated. BPD was most efficient in inducing a remission of diabetes (p=0.004). Significantly higher increases in lauric (12:0), myristoleic (14:1n-5) and palmitoleic (16:1n-7) acids and delta-9 desaturase were found two years after BPD, suggesting higher lipogenesis in adipose tissue. Docosatetraenoic acid (22:4n-6) increased significantly after BPD, while docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) decreased 6 months after BPD and increased after 2 years. No changes were found after LAGB and LGCP after 2 years. Bariatric surgery led to significant changes in the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue in severely obese diabetic women after six months and two years, and was partly influenced by the type of surgery used., M. Kunešová, B. Sedláčková, O. Bradnová, E. Tvrzická, B. Staňková, P. Šrámková, K. Dolešalová, P. Kalousková, P. Hlavatý, M. Hill, B. Bendlová, M. Fried, V. Hainer, J. Vrbíková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Labelling of DNA in replicating cells using 5-bromo-2'- deoxyuridine (BrdU) is widely used, however the rapid clearance and metabolisation of BrdU in the living organism is a critical issue. Although the pharmacokinetic of BrdU in experimental animals is empirically approximated, the exact time-curve remains unknown. Here we present novel method for estimation of the BrdU content in the blood serum. The application is based on the in vitro cocultivation of tumour cells with the examined serum and the subsequent quantification of the incorporated BrdU in the DNA using flow cytometry analysis. Our results demonstrate that this approach can quantify the BrdU concentration in serum at 1 μmol.dm-3 and might represent an attractive alternative to conventional chromatographic analysis. The employment of tumour cells as "detectors" of the BrdU content in serum provides an advantage over high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), as this approach allows us to approximate not only the concentration of BrdU, but also to determine, whether BrdU is present in the blood serum in effective concentration to reliable label all cells undergoing the S-phase of the cell cycle. The presented application might be a helpful tool for studies on pharmacokinetics of BrdU or other thymidine analogues when testing various administration routes or protocols., J. Mikeš, J. Ševc, J. Košuth, A. Matiašová, Z. Daxnerová, P. Fedoročko., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Patients treated for knee disorders were included in this study. They were examined clinically (Lequesne and Tegner scores) and by standard X-ray investigation. Patients underwent a surgical procedure, either arthroscopy or knee replacement. At the initial phase of surgery, a sample of cartilage was taken for laboratory examination. Progression of the disorder and the clinical examination was correlated with the actual state of the cartilage using a novel fluorescence approach. The intrinsic fluorescence of cartilages was shown as a suitable and sensitive method for detection of the actual state of cartilages because the correlation with X-ray examination and clinical status was found. Intrinsic fluorescence properties of cartilages from patients with chondropathy and osteoarthritis were described and found to be age-dependent. We also observed a higher concentration of advanced glycation end products due to inflammatory and/or degenerative processes in the cartilage. In addition, acute pathological changes due to diseases such as meniscal lesions or anterior cruciate ligament rupture caused a significant increase of formation of advanced glycation end products even in the group of young patients. In fact, such an observation could be crucial and important for the detection of knee conditions suspected of early meniscal and/or ACL lesions especially among young patients., M. Handl, E. Filová, M. Kubala, Z. Lánský, L. Koláčná, J. Vorlíček, T. Trč, M. Pach, E. Amler., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Aluminofluoride complexes (AlFx) form spontaneously in aqueous solutions containing fluoride and traces of aluminum ions and appear to act as phosphate analogs. These complexes have become widely utilized in laboratory investigations of various guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. Reflecting on many laboratory studies, a new mechanism of fluoride and aluminum action on the cellular level is being suggested. The long-term synergistic effects of these ions in living environment and their hidden danger for human health are not yet fully recognized., A. Strunecká, O. Strunecký, J. Patočka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Myofibril-bound creatine kinase EC 2.7.3.2 (CK), a key enzyme of muscle energy metabolism, has been selected for studies of conformational changes that underlie the cellular control of enzyme activity. For fluorescence spectroscopy measurements, the CK molecule was double-labeled with IAF (5-iodoacetamidofluorescein) and ErITC (erythrosin 5'-isothiocyanate). Measurement of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from fluorescein to erythrosin was used to obtain information about the donor-acceptor pair distance. Frequency-domain lifetime measurements evaluate the donor-acceptor distance in the native CK molecule as 7.8 nm. The Förster radius equals 5.3 nm with the resolution range from 0.2 to 1.0 nm. Erythrosin-fluorescein labeling (EFL) was tested for artificial conformational changes of the CK molecule with high-salt concentration treatment. The transition distance, defined by His-97 and Cys-283 and derived from a 3D model equals 0.766 nm for the open (inactive) form and 0.277 nm for the closed (reactive) form of the CK molecule. In this way, the resolution range of the used spectroscopy method is significant, concerning the difference of 0.489 nm. Nevertheless, the CK enzyme activity, assessed by the hexokinase-coupled assay, was diminished down to 1 % of the activity of the native enzyme. EFL is suitable for description of conformational behavior implied from the regulation of creatine kinase. However, the observed inhibition restricts EFL to studies of conformational changes during natural catalytic activity., M. Gregor, M. Kubala, E. Amler, J. Mejsnar., and Obsahuje bibliografii