One crucial step in the construction of the human representation of the world is found at the boundary between two basic stimuli: visual experience and the sounds of language. In the developmental stage when the ability of recognizing objects consolidates, and that of segmenting streams of sounds into familiar chunks emerges, the mind gradually grasps the idea that utterances are related to the visible entities of the world. The model presented here is an attempt to reproduce this process, in its basic form, simulating the visual and auditory pathways, and a portion of the prefrontal cortex putatively responsible for more abstract representations of object classes. Simulations have been performed with the model, using a set of images of 100 real world objects seen from many different viewpoints and waveforms of labels of various classes of objects. Subsequently, categorization processes with and without language are also compared.
Elevated levels of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) are implicated in neoplasia, with cumulative evidence pointing to its role in the etiopathogenesis of hematological diseases. As a node of convergence for several oncogenic signaling pathways, eIF4E has attracted a great deal of interest from biologists and clinicians whose efforts have been targeting this translation factor and its biological circuits in the battle against leukemia. The role of eIF4E in myeloid leukemia has been ascertained and drugs targeting its functions have found their place in clinical trials. Little is known, however, about the pertinence of eIF4E to the biology of lymphocytic leukemia and a paucity of literature is available in this regard that prospectively evaluates the topic to guide practice in hematological cancer. A comprehensive analysis on the significance of eIF4E translation factor in the clinical picture of leukemia arises, therefore, as a compelling need. This review presents aspects of eIF4E involvement in the realm of the lymphoblastic leukemia status; translational control of immunological function via eIF4E and the state-of-the-art in drugs will also be outlined., V. Venturi, T. Masek, M. Pospisek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Let $X$ be a quasicomplete locally convex Hausdorff space. Let $T$ be a locally compact Hausdorff space and let $C_0(T) = \lbrace f\: T \rightarrow I$, $f$ is continuous and vanishes at infinity$\rbrace $ be endowed with the supremum norm. Starting with the Borel extension theorem for $X$-valued $\sigma $-additive Baire measures on $T$, an alternative proof is given to obtain all the characterizations given in [13] for a continuous linear map $u\: C_0(T) \rightarrow X$ to be weakly compact.
We consider inhomogeneous matrix products over max-plus algebra, where the matrices in the product satisfy certain assumptions under which the matrix products of sufficient length are rank-one, as it was shown in [6] (Shue, Anderson, Dey 1998). We establish a bound on the transient after which any product of matrices whose length exceeds that bound becomes rank-one.
Let $G$ be a graph with vertex set $V(G)$, and let $k\ge 1$ be an integer. A subset $D \subseteq V(G)$ is called a {\it $k$-dominating set} if every vertex $v\in V(G)-D$ has at least $k$ neighbors in $D$. The $k$-domination number $\gamma _k(G)$ of $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a $k$-dominating set in $G$. If $G$ is a graph with minimum degree $\delta (G)\ge k+1$, then we prove that $$\gamma _{k+1}(G)\le \frac {|V(G)|+\gamma _k(G)}2.$$ In addition, we present a characterization of a special class of graphs attaining equality in this inequality.
Fuzzy transform is a new type of function transforms that has been successfully used in different applications. In this paper, we provide a broad prospective on fuzzy transform. Specifically, we show that fuzzy transform naturally appears when, in addition to measurement uncertainty, we also encounter another type of localization uncertainty: that the measured value may come not only from the desired location x, but also from the nearby locations.
Monthly evapotranspiration (ET) rates over Hungary for 2000-2008 are mapped at a spatial scale of about 1 km with the help of MODIS daytime land surface temperature as well as sunshine duration, air temperature and humidity data. Mapping is achieved by a linear transformation of MODIS daytime land surface temperature values employing the complementary relationship of evaporation. Validation of the ET rates has been performed at spatial scales spanning almost three magnitudes from a few hundred meters to about a hundred kilometers employing eddy-covariance (EC) measurements and catchment water balance closures. Typically the unbiased ET estimates are within 15 % of EC values at a monthly basis, within 7 % at an annual, and within only a few percent at a multi-year basis. The ET estimates yield an especially remarkable match (relative error of 0.2 %, R2 = 0.95) with high-tower EC measurements at a monthly basis. The spatial distribution of the ET estimates confirm earlier, complex regional hydrologic model results and observations as well as yields a perfect estimate of the country’s precipitation recycling index (the ratio of the multi-year mean ET and precipitation rates spatially aggregated for the whole country) of 89.2 % vs an observed value of 89.6 %. The CREMAP method is very simple, easy to implement, requires minimal data, calibration-free, and works accurately when conditions for the complementary relationship are met. and Pomocou údajov ročlenených podľa MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer), s využitím dennej povrchovej teploty, trvania slnečného svitu, teploty vzduchu a jeho vlhkosti boli zostrojené mapy mesačnej evapotranspirácie (ET) Maďarska pre roky 2000-2008 s priestorovým rozlíšením približne 1 km. Mapovanie bolo zrealizované lineárnou transformáciou MODIS dennej teploty povrchu s uvážením doplňujúceho vzťahu pre evapotranspiráciu CR, navrhnutou Bouchetom (1963). Výsledky dosiahnuté touto metódou boli verifikované v priestorovej mierke pokrývajúcej tri rády od niekoľkých stoviek metrov po stovky kilometrov, použijúc merania metódou pulzácií (eddy covariance, EC), a bilanciou vody v koncovom profile povodí. Typicky, hodnoty ET sú v medziach 15 % mesačných hodnôt EC a 7 % ročných hodnôt a len v medziach niekoľkých percent viacročných hodnôt evapotranspirácie, ktoré boli určené inými metódami. Hodnoty ET sú v dobrej zhode s výsledkami meraní ET na vysokej veži metódou EC (relatívna chyba 0.2 %, R2 = 0,95). Priestorové rozdelenia vypočítaných hodnôt ET potvrdzujú predchádzajúce výsledky modelovania regionálnymi modelmi, ako aj hodnoty indexu recyklácie zrážok krajiny (precipitation recycling index), čo je pomer mnohoročnej priemernej ET a zrážok agregovaných v krajine, s hodnotou 89,2 % vs pozorovaná hodnota 89,6 %. Metóda CREMAP je jednoduchá, ľahko implementovateľná, vyžaduje minimum vstupných hodnôt, nie je ju potrebné kalibrovať a keď sú splnené podmienky jej použiteľnosti, je aj dostatočne presná.
Let $\mathbb N$ be the set of nonnegative integers and $\mathbb Z$ the ring of integers. Let $\mathcal B$ be the ring of $N \times N$ matrices over $\mathbb Z$ generated by the following two matrices: one obtained from the identity matrix by shifting the ones one position to the right and the other one position down. This ring plays an important role in the study of directly finite rings. Calculation of invertible and idempotent elements of $\mathcal B$ yields that the subrings generated by them coincide. This subring is the sum of the ideal $\mathcal F$ consisting of all matrices in $\mathcal B$ with only a finite number of nonzero entries and the subring of $\mathcal B$ generated by the identity matrix. Regular elements are also described. We characterize all ideals of $\mathcal B$, show that all ideals are finitely generated and that not all ideals of $\mathcal B$ are principal. Some general ring theoretic properties of $\mathcal B$ are also established.