The role of Computer Aided Engineering in research as well as product development has been significantly increased during two last decades. The growing demands on the simulation address not only monodisciplinary phenomena but also phenomena from
different engineering branches. The current state-of-the-art simulation tools allow two basic approaches for meeting the demands, either coupling of various specialised simulation codes or application of multiphysical simulation tools.
This paper focuses on the simulation approaches for the multidisciplinary tasks and particularly on the connection of specialised simulation tools by interfaces. It classifies the interfaces between specialised software packages in general and gives some case studies using the coupling of specialised simulation tools. Finally, the development stages of an interface between civil and mechanical systems are presented. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The paper deals with crack propagation through an interface between two elastic materials. The basic idea of developing stability criteria of general singular stress concentrators introduced in the first part is applied to the case of a crack with its tip at the interface between two different materials. Three different stability criteria based on different physical principles are presented and a numerical example with their mutual comparison is carried out. A procedure based on a generalized strain energy density factor is shown which makes it possible to estimate the further direction of crack propagation after the crack has passed the interface. The procedure presented is applied in the numerical examples. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The influence of through crack in the protective surface layer on damage of coated structure is investigated. The coated structure is modeled as a particular case of a bi-material body consisting of thin surface layer on the substrate. The problem is studied under the assumptions corresponding to small scale yielding conditions and calculations are performed by the finite element method. Specific attention is devoted to the case of a through coating crack with its tip at the interface between coating and the substrate. To estimate how the coating crack with its tip at the interface influences the substrate failure the general approach described in [1, 2, 3] (Part I, II, III of this contribution) is applied. An aproximate approach based on calculations of crack mouth opening displacement for thin protective layers is suggested and developed. It is concluded that in the case of a stiffer coating on a more compliant substrate, the through coating cracks represent dangerous stress concentrators and as a consequence of elastic mismatch of both materials, the critical applied stress for substrate failure decreases. Traditional approaches may have underestimated this effect and estimations of the service life of coated structures neglecting this phenomenon could lead to non-conservative values, with unexpected failures. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
A list of plant species documented over the past 25 years to exhibit Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) is presented. The list compiles all available information on these species including their growth habits, succulent parts, carbon isotope discrimination values, CAM types, CAM inducers, and CAM modifications.
In Sedum wrightii grown in a growth chamber, detached leaves could survive for at least 120 d with a high rate of success for propagule formation. The pattern of gas exchange, associated with CAM, may be important in extending the period during which the detached leaf remains physiologically active. The added benefit for the developing propagule, still attached to the "parent" leaf, is an additional source of water and saccharide reserves over an extended period necessary for rooting. Drought survival of propagules may be determined by the amount of water-storing tissue in the detached leaf.
The epiphytic fern Platycerium bifurcatum grows in different habitats characterized by drought and high irradiance stress. The plant shows diurnal malate oscillations, indicative for CAM expression only in cover leaves, but not in sporotrophophyll. In P. bifurcatum cover leaves exposed to high irradiance and desiccation, the decrease in both CO2 assimilation (PN) and stomatal conductance (gs) was accompanied with occurrence of diurnal malate oscillations. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) induced the decrease in PN and gs, but no clear change in malate oscillations. The measurements of the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem 2 (Fv/Fm) under high irradiance showed distinct photoinhibition, but no clear changes in Fv/Fm due to desiccation and ABA-treatment were found. and G. Rut ... [et al.].
The aim of this study was to evaluate myofibrillar creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity on the background of the effect of substrate channeling by myosin ATPase and to compare it with creatine kinase (CK) activity of whole skinned fibers. In order to assess CK activity, skinned fibers were prepared from the rat psoas major muscles defined by light microscopy. The activity in permeabilized fibers after treatment with saponin, Triton X-100 and Ca2+-free medium reached 2.80, 6.97 and 3.32 m mol ATP min-1 mg-1 protein, respectively, when a coupled enzyme assay system with external hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was used. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed a possible interference among activities of sarcolemmal, sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar and mitochondrial CK from persisting structures. For evaluation of the myofibrillar CK itself, a pure myofibrillar fraction was prepared. Fraction purity was confirmed by TEM and by enzymatic assays for marker enzymes. Two procedures, i.e. the coupled enzyme assay and the evaluation of phosphocreatine (Pcr) concentration before and after the CK reaction, were used for measurement of CK activity in this fraction. The procedures resulted in 3.2 nmol ATP min-1 mg-1 protein and 7.6 nmol PCr min-1 mg-1 protein, respectively. These alternative approaches revealed a discrepancy between the reacting portions of Pcr by more than 50 % , which provides information about the size of the effect, generally described as substrate channeling., M. Gregor, J. Mejsnar, A. Janovská, J. Žurmanová, O. Benada, B. Mejsnarová., and Obsahuje bibliografii