Surface measurement of large optical elements is complicated due several causes. Some of these difficulties can be solved by using the sub-aperture stitching interferometry. This method carries out measurement from several different angles and positions to acquire particular sub-apertures. These sub-apertures are joined together in process called the stitching. However this process is computation time demanding so some algorithm optimizations are mandatory in order to get result in a reasonable time. Main principle of sub-aperture stitching is an aberration cancellation in measured data. Descriptions and mathematical expressions of these aberrations are included in this paper. Next part describes data pre-process which takes place before stitching process. A substantial part of the paper is dedicated to stitching process which using sub-apertures overlaps for remaining aberrations elimination. In this part a mathematical principle for conversion of the task to linear equations set is described. In the end is the developed algorithm tested on real data. and Interferometrické měření optických elementů s velkým průměrem je z několika důvodů problematické. Některé problémy je možné odstranit za pomoci měření ve více různých polohách. Takto získané sub-apertury je nutné na základě znalosti jejich polohy složit dohromady a provést takzvané sešívání. Proces sešívání je však výpočetně náročná operace a je potřeba používat optimalizované algoritmy pro získání výsledku v rozumném čase. Hlavní podstatou sešívání je odstraňování aberací, které se v naměřených datech vyskytují. Článek tedy pojednává o jednotlivých typech aberací a zabývá se jejich matematickým popisem. Dále se věnuje předzpracování jednotlivých sub-apertur před samotným procesem sešívání. Podstatná část se potom zabývá samotným procesem sešívání, který využívá překryvů sub-apertur pro eliminaci zbývajících aberací. Zde je popsána matematická podstata převodu problému na soustavu lineárních rovnic. V závěru jsou prezentovány dosažené výsledky na reálných datech.
The paper presents a detailed theoretical analysis of geometricoptical f-number and effective f-number of optical systems. There are derived formulas for calculation of effective f-number for imaging of axial and non-axial parts of object. Moreover, there is presented a simple method for measuring a transparency of optical system which is needed for calculation of effective f-number, and a method for measuring aperture’s angle is presented as well which is needed for calculation of geometric-optical f-number of optical system. and V práci je podrobně teoreticky analyzována problematika geometricko-optického clonového čísla a efektivního clonového čísla optické soustavy. Jsou odvozeny vztahy pro výpočet efektivního clonového čísla pro případ zobrazení osových i mimoosových částí předmětu. Dále je ukázán způsob měření propustnosti optické soustavy potřebné k výpočtu efektivního clonového čísla a také způsob měření aperturního úhlu, který je nutný k výpočtu geometricko-optického clonového čísla.
This article describes the data processing obtained by the AFM using the programming language and software Matlab. The basic examples are scripts for two-dimensional and three-dimensional surface structure, histogram of heights and S parameters. However, these examples can be applied to other SPM methods. The benefits of such usage over the original software from microscope are almost unlimited possibilities of processing with the data obtained. and Článek popisuje zpracování dat pořízených metodou AFM za využití programovacího jazyka a nástroje Matlab. Jako základní příklady jsou uvedeny kódy pro dvoj a trojrozměrné zobrazení struktury povrchu, histogramu výšek a S parametrů. Uvedené příklady však lze aplikovat i na jiné SPM metody. Výhodou takového zpracování oproti softwaru dodaného k mikroskopu pak je naprostá volnost práce se získanými daty.
The aim of this study was to evaluate an efficiency of clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, Na- and Ca-montmorillonite) in alleviating the water repellency of stearic acid sand during the course of long-term hot and dry spell. This spell was simulated by prolonged drying (incubation) of the samples in oven at 50°C. It was found that the kaolinite addition resulted in a drop in the persistence of water repellency of the stearic acid sand. On the contrary, the Ca-montmorillonite addition increased markedly the persistence of water repellency of the stearic acid sand. In most cases, the illite addition resulted in an increase in the persistence of water repellency, even though not so markedly as it was in the case of Ca-montmorillonite addition. In the case of Na-montmorillonite addition, the striking drop in the persistence of water repellency of the stearic acid sand was registered only after lowering the moisture below 5 %. An increase in the persistence of water repellency of the sand-clay mixture with an increase in the clay amount is another interesting finding, observed in case of kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite. and Cieľom tejto štúdie bolo zhodnotenie efektívnosti ílových minerálov (kaolinitu, illitu, Na- a Camontmorillonitu) pri znižovaní stálosti vodoodpudivosti piesku pokrytého kyselinou stearovou počas dlhého suchého a teplého obdobia, simulovaného inkubáciou vzoriek pri teplote 50 °C. Zistili sme, že pridanie kaolinitu výrazne znížilo stálosť vodoodpudivosti piesku pokrytého kyselinou stearovou prakticky počas celého cyklu sušenia. Pridanie Ca-montmorillonitu naopak stálosť vodoodpudivosti piesku pokrytého kyselinou stearovou výrazne zvýšilo. Pridanie illitu vo väčšine prípadov zvýšilo stálosť vodoodpudivosti piesku pokrytého kyselinou stearovou, aj keď nie tak výrazne ako pridanie Ca-montmorillonitu. V prípade pridania Na-montmorillonitu sme výrazné zníženie vodoodpudivosti piesku pokrytého kyselinou stearovou zaznamenali až po poklese vlhkosti vzorky pod 5 %. Ďalším zaujímavým poznatkom je vzrast vodoodpudivosti so zvyšujúcim se obsahom ílu, ktorý sme zaregistrovali v prípade kaolinitu a Ca-montmorillonitu.
The present study was conducted to study the effect of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) on changes of plant growth, net photosynthetic rate, carbonic anhydrase (E.C. 4.2.1.1) and nitrate reductase (E.C.1.6.6.1) activities in the leaves of Raphanus sativus L. under the influence of cadmium (Cd) stress. Cd reduced plant growth, photosynthetic pigment levels, net photosynthetic rate and the activities of carbonic anhydrase and nitrate reductase. However seed application of EBL reduced the toxic effect of Cd on plant growth, pigment content, photosynthesis and enzyme activities. The studies clearly demonstrated the ameliorating effect of 24-epibrassinolide in mitigating the toxicity of Cd in plants. and S. Anuradha, S. Seeta Ram Rao.
Plants of Brassica juncea L. cv. T-59 were supplied with 50 or 100 µM nickel (Ni50, Ni100) at 10 d after sowing (DAS), and sprayed with 28-homobrassinolide (HBR) at 20 DAS. The plants treated with Ni alone exhibited reduced growth, net photosynthetic rate, content of chlorophyll, and the activities of nitrate reductase (E.C.1.6.6.1) and carbonic anhydrase (E.C. 4.2.1.1) at observed 40 DAS, whereas, the contents of peroxidase (PER), catalase (CAT), and proline were increased. However, the spray of HBR partially neutralized the toxic effect of Ni on most of the parameters. Moreover, the treatment of HBR in association with either of the Ni concentration boosted the contents of PER and CAT in leaves and that of proline both in leaves and roots. and M. Masidur Alam ... [et al.].
Breathing impairments, such as an alteration in breathing
pattern, dyspnoea, and sleep apnoea, are common health deficits
recognised in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The mechanism that
underlies these disturbances, however, remains unclear. We
investigated the effect of the unilateral damage to the rat
nigrostriatal pathway on the central ventilatory response to
hypercapnia, evoked by administering 6-hydroxydopamine
(6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The
respiratory experiments were carried out in conscious animals in
the plethysmography chamber. The ventilatory parameters were
studied in normocapnic and hyperoxic hypercapnia before and
14 days after the neurotoxin injection. Lesion with the 6-OHDA
produced an increased tidal volume during normoxia. The
magnified response of tidal volume and a decrease of breathing
frequency to hypercapnia were observed in comparison to the
pre-lesion and sham controls. Changes in both respiratory
parameters resulted in an increase of minute ventilation of the
response to CO2 by 28 % in comparison to the pre-lesion state
at 60 s. Our results demonstrate that rats with implemented
unilateral PD model presented an altered respiratory pattern
most often during a ventilatory response to hypercapnia.
Preserved noradrenaline and specific changes in dopamine and
serotonin characteristic for this model could be responsible for
the pattern of breathing observed during hypercapnia.
The role of brain derived nitric oxide in the physiology and behavior remains disputable. One of the reasons of the controversies might be systemic side effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Therefore, under nNOS inhibition by 7- nitroindazole (7-NI) we carried out recordings of blood gasses, blood pressure and spontaneous EEG in conscious adult rats. Locomotion and spontaneous behavior were assessed in an open field. In addition skilled walking and limb coordination were evaluated using a ladder rung walking test. The blood gas analysis revealed a significant increase in pCO2 180 min and 240 min after the application of 7-NI. The power and entropy decreased simultaneously with a shift of the mean frequency of the spontaneous EEG toward slow oscillations after 7-NI treatment. The thresholds of evoked potentials underwent a significant drop and a trend towards a slight increase in the I-O curve slope was observed. 7-NI significantly suppressed open field behavior expressed as distance moved, exploratory rearing and grooming. As for the ladder rung walking test the 7-NI treated animals had more errors in foot placement indicating impairment in limb coordination. Therefore our findings suggest that 7-NI increased cortical excitability and altered some physiological and behavioral parameters., C. Boržíčková, A. Mikulecká, J. Otáhal., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The effect of a short cold stress in combination with photoinhibition stress, similar to a low temperature and a high irradiance situation during early morning in the spring time, was examined on four maize cultivars common for Belgium, that differ in early vigour. After 1 h of 2 °C and 500 μmol(photon) m-2 s-1, quantum efficiency and maximum photosynthesis rate at saturating irradiance decreased on average by 11 and 8 %, respectively. For one cultivar, Magister, the decrease was the largest: by 23 and 10 %, respectively. For this cultivar it was combined with a decrease of the water vapour conductance after the stress. The decrease of Fv/F0 due to the cold/light stress was dependent on the cold tolerance (early vigour) of the cultivars. Fv/F0 changed with -45.5 and -40.2 % for the cultivars Ardiles and Banguy, respectively (cultivars with a less good early vigour) in comparison to -36.3 and -35.9 % for Fjord and Magister, which have a good early vigour. Also the ratio of total chlorophylls/total carotenoids changed in dependence on cold tolerance of the cultivars. For more cold tolerant cultivars, the relative amount of total carotenoids (x+c) was higher, indicating a higher protective state. Both the parameter Fv/F0 and the ratio of total chlorophylls to total carotenoids can be used to differentiate the cold tolerant cultivars from the cold non-tolerant ones. Fv/F0 has the advantage because its resolving power is larger and the measurement is less expensive than determination of the pigment ratio. and P. Lootens, J. van Waes, L. Carlier.
Diurnal fluctuations in the contents of malate in gametophores of Polytrichum commune Hedw. and Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. were small. In gametophores of Mnium undulatum Hedw. and leaves of Hieracium pilosella L. significant differences were found in the accumulation of malate between day and night. However, no significant diurnal differences were found in the contents of citrate. High irradiance, desiccation, and submergence by water resulted in increases in daily fluctuations of malate, particularly in the gametophores of P. piliferum and leaves of H. pilosella. Accumulation of malate during night may show the adaptation of the studied species to unfavourable conditions caused by stresses. The change in activity of NADP-malic enzyme may characterize a response to stress factors. and A. Rzepka, G. Rut, J. Krupa.