Cíl: Cílem práce je analyzovat literární přehled faktorů pracovní spokojenosti sester ve vztahu k setrvání sester na pracovišti. Metodika:Zdroje dat - Elektronické databáze: MEDLINE, Wiley Library Online, PubMed, Bibliographia medica Čechoslovaca. Periodika – Kontakt, Profese on-line, Ošetřovatelství a porodní asistence, Ošetrovateľstvo: teória, výskum, vzdelávanie a odborné recenzované publikace. Klíčová slova byla zadávána v databázích publikovaných od roku 1990 nebo později, které zkoumaly pracovní spokojenost sester a její vliv na setrvání sester v práci. Literární výsledky jsou prezentovány v tabulkovém formátu ke komparaci jednotlivých studií. Výsledky: Z celkového počtu 42 sdělení nebo abstraktů, bylo do tohoto přehledu zahrnuto 29 studií, převáţně kvantitativních studií. Byly zjištěny následující prediktory pracovní spokojenosti sester, které ovlivňují jejich záměr setrvat v zaměstnání: (1) pracovní vztahy, (2) pracovní odměny, (3) styl vedení, vztah a podpora manaţera, (4) organizační podpora, stav pracovního prostředí, (5) fyzická a psychická reakce na práci. Závěr: Manaţeři ošetřovatelské péče sehrávají významnou roli v udrţení pracovní spokojenosti sester. Znalosti o proměnných pracovní spokojenosti sester mohou pomoci managementu zdravotnických zařízení implementovat strategie k udrţení spokojenosti sester. Pozornost by měla být směrována zvláště k posílení interpersonálních vztahů a potřebné kapacitě sester v zařízení, k udrţení kvality péče o pacienta., Aim: The aim of this work was to perform a literature review of nurses’ job satisfaction factors with respect to their retention in the workplace. Methods: Data sources – electronic databases: MEDLINE, Wiley Online Library, PubMed, Bibliographia medica Čechoslovaca; journals: Kontakt, Profese on-line, Ošetřovatelství a porodní asistence, Ošetrovateľstvo: teória, výskum, vzdelávanie; and peer-reviewed publications. The key words were entered into the databases published from 1990 or later that have examined the job satisfaction of nurses and its impact on their retention in work. Literature results are presented in a tabular format for the comparison of individual studies. Results: Out of a total of 42 articles or abstracts, 29 – mostly quantitative – studies were included in this review. The following predictors of nurses’ job satisfaction that influence their intention to remain in the workplace were identified: (1) working relationships, (2) job rewards, (3) leadership style, relationship and support of a manager, (4) organizational support, the state of the work environment, and (5) physical and psychological reactions to work. Conclusion: Nursing care managers play an important role in maintaining job satisfaction of nurses. Awareness of the variables of nurses’ job satisfaction can help healthcare facility managers implement strategies to maintain nurses’ job satisfaction. Attention should be directed particularly to strengthening interpersonal relationships and necessary staffing in the facility in order to maintain the quality of patient care., Silvie Haroková, Elena Gurková, and Literatura
The article deals with the decision of the Grand Chamber of the ECHR in the case Hämäläinen vs Finland. The decision itself is subject of critical analysis. It is also examined the impact of the decision on the possible development of Czech legislation “de lege ferenda”. As crucial concepts are also analyzed key terms of gender identity, gender aut onomy and the right to sexual self - determination and equal access to rights. In that decision deals the ECtHR with the issue whether an applicant ́s right to private and family life had been violated when the full recognition of her new gender was made cond itional on the transformation of her marriage into a registered partnership., JUDr. Adam Doležal, LL.M., and Literatura
V souvislosti s ochranou lidských práv zaručených Úmluvou o ochraně lidských práv a základních svobod se v poslední době čím dál častěji diskutuje otázka, zda přístup k asistované reprodukci také spadá pod rámec ochrany poskytovaný Úmluvou. Příspěvek přináší přehled rozhodnutí Evropského soudu pro lidská práva, která se problematikou asistované reprodukce zabývaly. Na pozadí těchto rozhodnutí se příspěvek snaží analyzovat hranice rozšiřujícího pojetí práva na respektování rodinného a soukromého života podle čl. 8 Úmluvy a poukázat na skutečnost, že v oblasti řešení složitých biomedicínckých a bioetických otázek nemá Soud dostatečnou autoritu na to, aby se stal finálním arbitrem při posuzování hodnotových měřítek společnosti v jednotlivých evropských státech., In the last few decades decided European Court of Human Rights very problematic cases involving “right to access to assisted reproduction”. These cases are concerning very controversial ethical aspects of biomedical developments in the field of medical techniques of artificial procreation and reshape the content (meaning) of Article 8 of European Convention of Human Rights. This paper provides short overview of cases of European Court of Human Rights involving “right to access to assisted reproduction” and focuses especially on the latest developments in this field (case S.H. and Others v. Austria - Application no 57813/00) . Although the technology of medically assisted procreation had been available in Europe for several decades, many of the issues to which it gave rise, remained the subject of debate. There is no consensus towards the use of IVF treatment in general and even less clear are trends in some particular questions (f.e. allowing gamete donation). These unsolved problems give to raise serious doubts about the possibility of the Court provide “final decisions” in these matters., Tomáš Doležal, and Literatura 10
Objective: To determine risk factors in different pathogenic subtypes of ischemic stroke in Tashkent hospital registry and to compare with the data of other stroke registers. Design: Prospective observational study. Participants: 300 adults aged 18 years or over who suffered first-ever acute ischemic stroke, of them, the data of 100 patients with atherothrombotic, lacunar and cardioembolic strokes were analyzed. Main outcome measures: Mathematically significant differences and not significant differences but interesting from other point of view. Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages. Differences were regarded as statistically significant when the P value was less than 0.05 (P<0.05). Results: Of 100 patients with acute first-ever ischemic stroke at the median age of 62.63±4.68 (interquartile range 25-92) years, 57% were men and 43% were women. Depending on aetiology and stroke subtype, all the patients were divided into three groups: 42 patients with atherothrombotic stroke, 41 – with lacunar stroke, and 17 patients with cardioembolic stroke. Atherothrombotic stroke developed often in people over 60 years old, while lacunar stroke prevailed at the younger age. Stroke cases increased in people over 51 years old. Although men were more likely to suffer strokes than women, stroke incidence was equal in both sexes with increasing of age (over 60 years old), especially in atherothrombotic stroke, testifying to that women live longer. Combination of cerebral atherosclerosis and hypertension was the most significant risk factor for stroke. Atherosclerosis was the main aetiological factor for ischemic stroke, independently of its pathogenic heterogeneity. Diabetes mellitus was an independent risk factor for all stroke subtypes, which in most cases worsened the European Medical, Health and Pharmaceutical Journal ISSN 1804-5804 course and outcome of stroke. Hypertension was the leader aetiological factor for lacunar stroke. In these patients, we Cardioembolic stroke developed mainly because of cardiac thrombosis and valve pathology, which were often associated with chronic diseases of other organs, worsening the course and outcome of stroke. Despite of high prevalence of myocardial infarction in men, women were more likely to develop cardioembolic stroke. Conclusions: This study found simultaneous influence of many risk factors (multifactorial disease) in the development of ischemic stroke. The more course and influence of the underlying disease and risk factor, the higher stroke risk and severity, especially in the absence or inadequate previous therapy of underlying disease before the stroke index. We have noted a high prevalence of under-diagnosis of vascular risk factors at levels of primary and secondary care. We recommend for improved public awareness of vascular risk factors and better diagnostic and treatment facilities aimed at addressing those factors at levels of primary and secondary healthcare. Larger population-based studies may provide additional data on stroke incidence and outcome among Uzbeks., Khurshidakhon Abduboriyevna Rasulova, and Literatura
In the department of coloproctology of NORC MH RUz 17 patients with disseminated forms of colorectal cancer was made the study of oncogenes and complex treatment by 2 protocols using FOLFOX4 regime and FOLFIRI regime. In second protocol there used 2 sessions of endolymphatical polychemotherapy FOLFOX4 regime against EHFhyperthermia. All patients were performed additional investigations directed to study the presence of multiple drug resistance in them where definition of р53, bcl2 oncogene expression. In our observations we followed resistance to FOLFOX4 scheme in 4 patients, and to FOLFIRI scheme in 2 cases. In our studies hyperexpression of oncoproteine р53 was correlated with the effect of conducted therapy whereas hyperexpr, Navruzov S. N., Abdujapparov S. B., Pulatov D. A., Islamov H. D., Matniyazova Sh. Ya., Akbarov E. T., and Literatura
To study defects and chromosomal abnormalities of the fetus, we retrospectively analyzed results of comprehensive dynamic survey of 26,404 pregnant women aged 1850 years old at 6 to 40 weeks of pregnancy. Of them, 25,956 (98.3%) women had physiological course of pregnancy, 448 (1.7%) women had abnormal pregnancy. For the diagnosis of fetal defects, we carried out ultrasound, biochemical, invasive and cytogenetic studies. The results of study showed that the majority of fetal defects and pathological course of pregnancy was noted in women at the age of 2125 years old, since at this age period women have the highest number of pregnancies. At the older age, we noted a gradual decrease in the number of pregnant women, as well as the number of abnormalities of the fetus. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, we have developed an algorithm for early fetal ultrasound examination. In order to exclude nondeveloping pregnancy and intrauterine fetal death, as well as for early diagnosis of fetal defects, we recommend screening women in the first trimester of pregnancy., Shahnoza Kamalidinova, and Literatura
Úvod: Vrozené srdeční vady jsou nejčastější vývojovou vadou plodu. Detekce vrozených srdečních vad u plodu je založena na propojení screeningového a specializovaného echokardiografického vyšetření. Metodika: Pro posouzení úspěšnosti prenatálního záchytu srdečních vad používáme srovnání s prospektivní studií BOSS o postnatální prevalenci vad v ČR. Prevalence všech srdečních vad byla 6,16 na 1 000 živě narozených dětí a kritických 2,36/1 000 živě narozených dětí. Výsledky: V České republice se v období 1986-2012 intrauterinně odhalilo 2 996 plodů se srdeční vadou. V posledních 5 letech se záchytnost vad srdce pohybuje v rozmezí 39-47 % a detekce kritických vad přesáhla 80 % z očekávaného počtu VSV. Z celkového počtu fetálně detekovaných VSV se 1 612 (54 %) těhotných rozhodlo pro ukončení gravidity, z nichž 49 % mělo další extrakardiální vadu. Narodilo se 1 296 dětí s prenatální diagnózou VSV (43 %) a 90 plodů (3 %) zemřelo intrauterinně. Vzhledem k vysoké četnosti ukončení gravidity se mění postnatální spektrum srdečních vad. Snižuje se počet dětí s diagnózou syndromu hypoplázie levého srdce, atrioventrikulárním defektem, atrézií plicnice, společným arteriálním trunkem, společnou komorou a Ebsteinovou anomálií. Závěr: Prenatální echokardiografie prováděná v celé České republice umožňuje v posledních letech detekci až 47 % všech a více než 80 % kritických srdečních vad. Vysoký počet ukončených těhotenství je nejspíše důsledkem závažnosti srdečních vad a četných přidružených vývojových abnormalit. Četnost ukončení gravidity má vliv na postnatální spektrum srdečních vad, kdy ubývá závažných nebo komplexních srdečních onemocnění (syndromu hypoplázie levého srdce a dalších)., Introduction: Congenital heart defects (CHD) represents the most frequent congenital malformation. Prenatal detection of heart lesions is based on cooperation of screening and specialized echocardiographic examination. Methods: To assess the success of prenatal detection of heart defects (CHD) we compared the number of prenatal diagnosis with a known prevalence of CHD at birth as determined by prospective Bohemian „BOSS“ study. The study established prevalence of all CHD at birth 6.16 per 1 000 liveborn newborns and 2.36 of those with critical forms. Results: Between 1986 and 2012 were evaluated 2 996 of foetuses with congenital heart defects. A detection rate of CHD reached 47% during recent five years and detection of critical forms exceeded 80%. 1 612 (54%) mothers of foetuses with CHD opted for termination of pregnancy, 49% of them had an extracardiac heart malformations. 1 296 (43%) newborns were born with prenatally detected heart lesion and 90 (3%) foetuses died in utero. Due to high termination rate of foetuses with CHD the number of children with several complexed heart lesions declined (hypoplastic left heart syndrome, pulmonary atresia, single ventricle, persistent arterial trunk, atrioventricular defect and Ebstein anomaly). Conclusion: The nationwide prenatal ultrasound screening programme enabled detection of 43% of all CHD in recent years. Owing to severity of lesions and associated extracardiac malformations and cultural background, termination rate of foetuses with CHD remains high. High termination rate lead to significant decrease of postnatal incidence of several complex and severe CHD (such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome)., Viktor Tomek, Hana Jičínská, Jiří Gilík, Jan Škovránek, Jiří Navrátil, Jan Janoušek, and Literatura
Introduction Cutaneous malignant melanoma prevalence, incidence and mortality rates are increasing in white populations worldwide more rapidly than any other cancer site (American Cancer Society, 2006). Despite the potential importance of regular skin selfexamination and promotion of selfprotection practices, little is known about the prevalence of these practices in medical students in Albanian population. Methods This is a descriptive, quantitative crosssectional study. In this study were included a sample of 150 individuals chosen among the students of Faculty of Medicine based on their family history for skin cancer. This study was started on October the 3rd and finished on November the 12th. Subjects had to fill in a structured, selfadministered questionnaire. All participants lived within Republic of Albania but at the time of the study were students in University of Tirana, Faculty of Medicine. Results In this study that we conducted we included 150 individuals supposed to have a risk for skin cancer based on their family history. 200 individuals were approached for participation. Of these, 150 individuals returned questionnaire data, yielding a response rate of 75% among eligible, successfully contacted participants. The mean age of the sample was 20.05 years (Std. Dev. = 0.925), with males (22%) and females (78%) represented unequally, because the gender configuration of the faculty itself has gender disparities with more than 80% females and only 20% male students. The majority of the sample was born in city or town (85.3%), 14.7% was born in a village. In terms of income level, 79.3% of participants had a medium income family background, 15.3% high income and 5.3% had a low income level family background. Conclusion It is important for those individuals with family history for skin cancer (which inherently indicates risk for skin cancer) to develop selfexamination and SSE behaviours and practices in order to have a protection and at least an early detection (if onset) of the different forms of Melanoma. The results of this study provide some guide as to the key areas or 'hot spots' on which to focus attention when designing supportive care interventions for melanoma survivors and those at high risk of skin cancer., Yllka Bilushi, Rozeta Luci, Loreta Kuneshka, Numila Maliqari, and Literatura
Cílem práce je identifikace příčin rozdílů v tvorbě a realizaci českých veřejných a sociálních politik, zaměřených na problém bezdomovectví v porovnání s přístupy v USA, Austrálii a vybraných zemích EU, včetně samotné EU. Jsou použity metody srovnávací analýzy politických agend, dokumentů a dosahovaných výsledků v kombinaci s kritickou diskurzivní analýzou. Mezi hlavními příčinami dlouhodobě rozdílného přístupu ČR k bezdomovectví figurují izolace aktivit státu od nezávislého výzkumu, chybějící zákon o bezdomovcích, jednostranná tržní orientace transformace společnosti v neoliberálním kontextu a rozpory s lidskými právy. Ke koncepční změně orientace české veřejné a sociální politiky na výzkum příčin bezdomovectví a na cíle integrace bezdomovců a prevence bezdomovectví dochází až v roce 2013 v rámci přímého vlivu strategie Evropa 2020. V porovnání se srovnávanými zeměmi však jde v ČR o časový posun o 20 let. Do této doby byla věnována v ČR pozornost pouze poskytování sociálních a zdravotních služeb bezdomovcům, přičemž v důsledku sociálních a ekonomických změn dochází ke kontinuálnímu zhoršování strukturálních faktorů chudoby a sociálního vyloučení včetně bezdomovectví., The aim of this work is to identify the causes of existing differences in the development and implementation of Czech public and social policy, focusing on the problem of homelessness in comparison with the approaches in the USA, Australia and selected EU countries, including the EU itself. There are used the methods of comparative analysis of political agendas, documents and achieved results of evaluated policies in combination with critical discourse analysis. Among the main causes of long-term differentiation of the Czech Republic to homelessness figures isolation of state activities from independent research, lack of strategy research and formulation of priorities.The conceptual reorientation of Czech public and social policy research on the causes of homelessness and the objective of integrating the homeless and preventing homelessness was formulated in 2013 under the direct influence of Europe 2020., Veronika Košťálová, Petr Háva, and Literatura
Toxoplasmóza je jedna z nejčastějších zoonóz u nás. Patří mezi onemocnění, která mohou při primoinfekci v graviditě ohrozit vývoj plodu či způsobit mnohočetná poškození, často manifestovaná až po narození dítěte. Závažnost postižení, jeho variabilita a pravděpodobnost vzniku závisí na době, kdy se těhotná žena nakazila. V ČR máme k dispozici několik diagnostických metod. Základem je sérologické vyšetření (protilátky celkové i jednotlivých tříd, avidita IgG, komparativní imunoblot), prováděné z krve či plodové vody. Možný je i přímý průkaz DNA Toxoplasma gondii pomocí PCR z krve, plodové vody či po porodu z placenty. Prenatálně se provádí izolační pokus na myši (inokulací plodové vody). Pomocnou metodou je také ultrazvuk či MRI v průběhu těhotenství, se zaměřením na případnou fetopatii. Po narození je dítě z rizikové gravdity podrobně vyšetřeno a dlouhodobě sledováno. Terapii lze podat prenatálně i postnatálně, o jejím efektu se vedou diskuze. Základními preparáty jsou spiramycin, pyrimethamin a sulfadiazin (doplněny kyselinou folinovou). V článku jsou probrány indikace k jednotlivým vyšetřením a doporučeny nejvhodnější postupy v diagnostice, léčbě a také prevenci tohoto onemocnění u těhotných. Text se podrobně věnuje i interpretaci možných výsledků a obsahuje vyjádření k preventivnímu vyšetření těhotných žen u nás., Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonoses in the Czech Republic. Toxoplasma infection during pregnancy can affect fetal development and cause multiple damages that often do not manifest until after the birth. The severity of pediatric disability, its variability and the probability of occurrence depend on the time of maternal infection. Serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women is performed in two steps: first, total anti-Toxoplasma antibodies are detected, most commonly by the complement fixation test (CFT) combined with IgG ELISA. In the case of a negative result, the woman can be retested 1-3 months later. Low CFT titers show latent infection with a minimal risk of primary infection during pregnancy. When CFT titers of 1:64 or higher are obtained, the second step follows. Positivity in the IgM and IgA tests and low IgG avidity can confirm a recent infection. The diagnosis of fetal infection is based on the detection of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies, and of IgM antibodies in particular, and/or on the detection of Toxoplasma in amniotic fluid by PCR or the mouse test. Other helpful methods are fetal ultrasound or MRI focusing on fetopathy. Each child born from a high-risk pregnancy is thoroughly examined and followed up on a long-term basis. The detection of neonatal anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies and a neonatal IgG profile differing from the maternal IgG profile in comparative Western blot are the major markers of congenital infection. Toxoplasma infection can be treated prenatally and postnatally and the therapeutic outcomes are still being considered. The first-line options for congenital toxoplasmosis are spiramycin, pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine with folinic acid. The article discusses the indications for screening and recommends best practices for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. It also addresses in detail the interpretation of the diagnostic results and provides guidance for preventive screening of pregnant women in the Czech Republic., Petr Kodym, Markéta Geleneky, and Literatura 31