a1_Coeuritrema Mehra, 1933, previously regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Hapalorhynchus Stunkard, 1922, herein is revised to include Coeuritrema lyssimus Mehra, 1933 (type species), Coeuritrema rugatus (Brooks et Sullivan, 1981) comb. n., and Coeuritrema platti Roberts et Bullard sp. n. These genera are morphologically similar by having a ventral sucker, non-fused caeca, two testes, a pre-testicular cirrus sac, an intertesticular ovary, and a common genital pore that opens dorsally and in the sinistral half of the body. Phylogenetic analysis of the D1-D3 domains of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S) suggested that Coeuritrema and Hapalorhynchus share a recent common ancestor. Coeuritrema is morphologically most easily differentiated from Hapalorhynchus by having ventrolateral tegumental papillae and a definitive metraterm that is approximately 3-7× longer than the uterus. Coeuritrema comprises species that reportedly infect Asiatic softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae) only, whereas Hapalorhynchus (as currently defined) comprises blood flukes that reportedly infect those hosts plus North American musk turtles (Sternotherus Bell in Gray) and mud turtles (Kinosternon Spix), both Kinosternidae, North American snapping turtles (Chelydridae), Asiatic hard-shelled turtles (Geoemydidae) and African pleurodirans (Pelomedusidae). Coeuritrema platti sp. n. infects the blood of Chinese softshell turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann), cultured in the Da Rang River Basin (Phu Yen Province, Vietnam). It differs from C. lyssimus by having a narrow hindbody (< 1.6× forebody width), ventrolateral tegumental papillae restricted to the hindbody, a short cirrus sac (< 10% of corresponding body length), a transverse ovary buttressing the caeca, a short, wholly pre-ovarian metraterm (~ 10% of corresponding body length), and a submarginal genital pore., a2_It differs from C. rugatus by having small ventrolateral tegumental papillae, testes without deep lobes, and a Laurer's canal pore that opens posterior to the vitelline reservoir and dorsal to the oviducal seminal receptacle. The new species is only the second turtle blood fluke reported from Vietnam., Jackson R. Roberts, Raphael Orélis-Ribeiro, Binh T. Dang, Kenneth M. Halanych, Stephen A. Bullard., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The agonists of α2-adrenergic receptors such as clonidine, rilmenidine or monoxidine are known to lower blood pressure (BP) through a reduction of brain sympathetic outflow but their chronic antihypertensive effects in rats with low-renin or highrenin forms of experimental hypertension were not studied yet. Moreover, there is no comparison of mechanisms underlying BP reduction elicited by chronic peroral (po) or intracerebroventricular (icv) clonidine treatment. Male salt-sensitive Dahl rats fed a high-salt (4% NaCl) diet and Ren-2 transgenic rats were treated with clonidine administered either in the drinking fluid (0.5 mg/kg/day po) or as the infusion into lateral brain ventricle (0.1 mg/kg/day icv) for 4 weeks. Basal BP and the contributions of renin-angiotensin system (captopril 10 mg/kg iv) or sympathetic nervous system (pentolinium 5 mg/kg iv) to BP maintenance were determined in conscious cannulated rats at the end of the study. Both peroral and intracerebroventricular clonidine treatment lowered BP to the same extent in either rat model. However, in both models chronic clonidine treatment reduced sympathetic BP component only in rats treated intracerebroventricularly but not in perorally treated animals. In contrast, peroral clonidine treatment reduced angiotensin IIdependent vasoconstriction in Ren-2 transgenic rats, whereas it lowered residual blood pressure in Dahl rats. In conclusions, our results indicate different mechanisms of antihypertensive action of clonidine when administered centrally or systemically.
The adult human brain represents only 2 % of the body's total weight, however it is one of the most metabolically active organs in the mammalian body. Its high metabolic activity necessitates an efficacious waste clearance system. Besides the blood, there are two fluids closely linked to the brain and spinal cord drainage system: interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this review is to summarize the latest research clarifying the channels of metabolite removal by fluids from brain tissue, subarachnoid space (SAS) and brain dura (BD). Special attention is focused on lymphatic vascular structures in the brain dura, their localizations within the meninges, morphological properties and topographic anatomy. The review ends with an account of the consequences of brain lymphatic drainage failure. Knowledge of the physiological state of the clearance system is crucial in order to understand the changes related to impaired brain drainage.
To assess BAT activity in humans at a population level, infrared thermography (IRT) represents a safe, readily repeatable and affordable alternative to 18F-FDG-PET. Building upon a previously proposed method by our laboratory, we further refined the image computational algorithm to quantify BAT activation in the cervical-supraclavicular (C-SCV) region of healthy young men under thermo-neutral and cold exposure conditions. Additionally, we validated the whole-body calorimeter (WBC) in reliably measuring cold-induced thermogenesis. The temperature gradient between C-SCV-deltoid regions, and the corresponding difference in heat power output, increased upon cold air exposure relative to thermo-neutral conditions (by 74.88 %, p<0.0001; and by 71.34 %, p<0.0001 respectively). Resting and cumulative energy expenditure (EE) rose significantly (by 13.14 % and 9.12 % respectively, p=0.0001) while positive correlations between IRT measures and EE were found with cold air exposure (percentage change in heat power gradient between ROI and deltoid, cold air: r2 =0.29, p=0.026, Pearson's correlation). IRT and WBC can be used to study BAT activation. The refined algorithm allows for more automation and objectivity in IRT data analysis, especially under cold air exposures.
Seeds of many species of plants may survive for a long time in the soil and germinate when brought to the surface, but
whether they are subsequently eaten by seed predators is unknown. We examined the preferences of three species of carabids
(Coleoptera: Carabidae) for 25 species of seeds and determined the difference in palatability between freshly dispersed and those
buried for six years. The stability of their preferences was tested using a collection of seeds of different species, each of which was
offered fresh or after being buried. Carabid beetles readily accepted previously buried seeds as food. In total, Pseudoophonus
rufi pes and Amara littorea ate more fresh seeds than previously buried seeds, while the opposite was true for Harpalus affi nis. The
seeds of some species were even more attractive to carabids after burial than in the fresh state. For all the species of carabids
tested, the diet breadth was similar when the beetles were fed fresh or buried seeds, but the preferences for fresh and buried seed
of particular species were correlated only in P. rufi pes and A. littorea. We measured the seed characteristics (mass and viability)
likely to be associated with the loss of attractiveness to carabids during burial. The change in carabid consumption was not related
to changes in any of these characteristics. This fi nding indicates that factors responsible for variation in seed acceptability are
complex. This study provides the fi rst conclusive evidence that invertebrate seed predators will feed on seeds from seed banks,
although they prefer fresh seeds.