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672. The mitochondrial genome of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and identification of invading mitochondrial sequences (numts) in the W chromosome
- Creator:
- Lämmermann, Katrin, Vogel, Heiko, and Traut, Walther
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, motýli, zavíječovití, fylogeneze, butterflies, Pyralidae, phylogeny, Ephestia kuehniella, mitogenome, Mediterranean flour moth, numts, W chromosome, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella is a widespread pest of stored products and a classical object in experimental biology. In the present study, we determined its complete mitochondrial genome sequence. The genome is circular, consists of 15,327 bp and comprises 13 protein-coding, 2 rRNA- and 22 tRNA-coding genes in an order typical for the Ditrysia clade of the order Lepidoptera. A phylogenetic study of the Lepidoptera based on complete mitochondrial genomes places E. kuehniella correctly in the family Pyralidae and supports major lepidopteran taxa as phylogenetic clades. The W chromosome of E. kuehniella is an exceptionally rich reservoir of originally mitochondrial sequences (numts). Around 0.7% of the W DNA was found to be of mitochondrial origin, 83% of the mitogenome sequence was represented between 1-11 × in the W chromosome. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed that these numts are an evolutionary recent acquisition of the W chromosome., Katrin Lämmermann, Heiko Vogel, Walther Traut., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
673. The moderating role of population succession in the adaptive responses of Synechococcus assemblages: evidence from light intensity simulation experiment
- Creator:
- Wang, T., Chen, X., Li, J.L., Qin, S., Cui, Y.L., and Xu, F.
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- enrichment culture, genomics, irradiance, metatranscriptomics, and picocyanobacteria
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Synechococcus is one of the most abundant photoautotrophic picoplankton in the marine ecosystem. However, it is not clear how Synechococcus assemblages respond to light intensity variation in a genus group. Here, enriched Synechococcus assemblages from in situ coastal seawater were subjected to light intensity simulation experiments in a range of 9-243 μmol(photon) m-2 s-1. Characteristics concerning physiology, genomics, and metatranscriptomics were analyzed. Physiologically, the fitting model predicted photosynthesis indications and pigment contents increased with different trends following the light intensity. Genomic sequencing demonstrated that both the phylogenetic and phenotypic compositions of Synechococcus assemblage exhibited population succession. Especially, the proportion of Synechococcus pigment type 2 was changed significantly. In metatranscriptomics, most genes were downregulated in the high-light intensity group, while photosynthesis-related genes were entirely upregulated. The high upregulation of photosynthesis-related genes, such as psbO, psbA, apcB, and cpcB, corresponded to the succession of Synechococcus genotype and was responsible for the physiological shift in response to light intensity.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
674. The morphological and molecular description of Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) poonchensis sp. n. from Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) in Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Creator:
- Amin, Omar Mohamed, Ahmed, Mumtaz, Chaudhary, Anshu, Heckmann, Richard Anderson, and Singh, Hridaya Shanker
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- taxonomy, morphology, SEM, 18S rDNA, cox1, EDXA, fish, and Indomalayan region
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Specimens of Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) poonchensis sp. n. are described from Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) in the Poonch River, Jammu and Kashmir. Specimens are thick-walled with dissimilar dorsal and ventral para-receptacle structures, anteriorly manubriated hooks, two giant nuclei in each lemniscus and many subcutaneousy. The lemnisci barely overlap the larger anterior testis, the cement gland has eight giant nuclei, and the seminal vesicle is large with thin walls. The vagina is unremarkable but the long uterus is made up of four specialised regions. Neoechinorhynchus rigidus (Van Cleave, 1928), resembles N. poonchensis sp. n. It is distinguished from N. poonchensis sp. n. by having smaller trunk, proboscis, and male reproductive structures, equal testes, unequal lemnisci with three giant nuclei each, and much larger anterior proboscis hook (130 μm in males) than that originally described by Van Cleave (1928) (70 μm in a female). Anterior hook length alone is sufficient to conclude that the N. rigidus of Datta (1937) is not the same species as the N. rigidus of Van Cleave (1928). Van Cleave's (1928) species remains valid and that of Datta (1937) is considered a different species named Neoechinorhynchus pseudorigidus sp. n., herein. Micropores of N. poonchensis sp. n. have variable distribution in different trunk regions and the Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis demonstrated higher levels of sulfur and lower levels of calcium and phosphorus. Sequences of the 18S rDNA gene from nuclear DNA, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) from mitochondrial DNA of N. poonchensis sp. n. were amplified and aligned with other sequences available on GenBank. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses inferred for 18S rDNA and cox1 showed that N. poonchensis sp. n. was nested in a separate clade.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
675. The overview of anatomical variations and congenital anomalies of the uterine tubes and their impact on fertility
- Creator:
- Csöbönyeiová, Mária, Klein, Martin, Feitscherová, Claudia, Pavlíková, Lada, Kachlík, David, and Varga, Ivan
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- anatomical variations, congenital anomalies, uterine tube, fertility, agenesis, accessory uterine tube, accessory ostium, paratubal cysts, and terminological discrepancies
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Anatomical variations and congenital anomalies of the uterine tubes (UTAVsCAs) are rare conditions, which are often undiagnosed, or accidentally diagnosed upon imaging, laparotomy, laparoscopy for unrelated condition, or during the Cesarean section. UTAVsCAs are often asymptomatic, but their clinical relevance lies in their possibly adverse impact on fertility. Since their rare occurrence, they are usually published as case reports. The most typically described are: agenesis of the uterine tubes (UTs), accessory UT (UT duplication), accessory UT ostium, and paratubal cysts (e.g. the hydatid cyst of Morgagni). UTAVsCAs are classified into an umbrella category of Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) which comprises anomalous development of all the organs developing from the paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts, i.e., UTs, uterus and upper portion of the vagina. Interestingly, most of the classification systems of MDAs discuss solely the uterine and vaginal anomalies, while the UTs are often utterly ignored. This probably originates from the fact that UTs are no longer interesting for many clinicians as they think of UTs as superfluous organs whose function can be easily replaced in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory. Indeed, the modern reproductive medicine has been helping enormously with the conception of infertile couples. In many instances, the UTs are in fact successfully bypassed and a “test-tube” baby is born. Nevertheless, the UTs are still absolutely unique in providing suitable environment for fertilization and early embryo development - processes that has not been still completely understood. This fact could partially explain why the success rate of IVF is “only” around 30-50 % depending on age. Therefore, the research of the UTAVsCAs is still clinically relevant in the context of reproductive medicine and should not be omitted from research endeavors.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
676. The pheromone verbenone and its function in Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
- Creator:
- Zhao, Mingzhen, Dai, Lulu, Sun, Yaya, Fu, Danyang, and Chen, Hui
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, polní pokusy, field trials, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Dendroctonus armandi, trans-verbenol, verbenone, electrophysiological (EAG), olfactory assays (Y-tube assays), 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The Chinese white pine beetle, Dendroctonus armandi Tsai and Li is a native species of bark beetle and one of the most destructive in much of western China. Little is known about the characterization of the pheromones trans-verbenol and verbenone, and their functions in D. armandi are unknown. Electroantennogram tests (EAG) and olfactory assays (Y-tube assays) in the laboratory revealed that (1) trans-verbenol may be an anti-aggregation pheromone for male and an aggregation pheromone for female D. armandi and (2) female beetles are more attracted to controls (hexane) than low concentrations of verbenone and male beetles more attracted to controls than high concentrations of verbenone. Field trials indicated that the addition of verbenone to bait used to trap D. armandi remarkably decreased the efficiency of field trapping. These results indicate that verbenone is an anti-aggregation pheromone for male D. armandi. This research provides evidence of the role of verbenone among the different types of pheromones. The pheromone verbenone clearly could be used to protect healthy Chinese white pines., Mingzhen Zhao, Lulu Dai, Yaya Sun, Danyang Fu, Hui Chen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
677. The potential applications of artificial intelligence in drug discovery and development
- Creator:
- Farghali, Hassan, Kutinová Canová, Nikolina, and Arora, Mahak
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- artificial intelligence, computer-assisted drug discovery, drug repositioning, machine learning, and DSP-1181
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Development of a new dug is a very lengthy and highly expensive process since only preclinical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicological studies include a multiple of in silico, in vitro, in vivo experimentations that traditionally last several years. In the present review, we briefly report some examples that demonstrate the power of the computer-assisted drug discovery process with some examples that are published and revealing the successful applications of artificial intelligence (AI) technology on this vivid area. Besides, we address the situation of drug repositioning (repurposing) in clinical applications. Yet few success stories in this regard that provide us with a clear evidence that AI will reveal its great potential in accelerating effective new drug finding. AI accelerates drug repurposing and AI approaches are altogether necessary and inevitable tools in new medicine development. In spite of the fact that AI in drug development is still in its infancy, the advancements in AI and machine-learning (ML) algorithms have an unprecedented potential. The AI/ML solutions driven by pharmaceutical scientists, computer scientists, statisticians, physicians and others are increasingly working together in the processes of drug development and are adopting AI-based technologies for the rapid discovery of medicines. AI approaches, coupled with big data, are expected to substantially improve the effectiveness of drug repurposing and finding new drugs for various complex human diseases.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
678. The presence of sporogonic stages of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in Icelandic salmonids detected using in situ hybridisation
- Creator:
- Svavarsdóttir, Fjóla Rut, Freeman, Mark A., Antonsson, Þórólfur, Árnason, Friðþjófur, and Kristmundsson, Árni
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- proliferative kidney disease, PKD, Arctic charr, brown trout, Atlantic salmon, sporogony, salmonid, and intratubular
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a widespread temperature-dependent disease in salmonids caused by the myxozoan parasite, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Canning, Curry, Feist, Longshaw et Okamura, 1999) (Tb). Tb has a two-host life cycle, involving fish as an intermediate host and freshwater bryozoans as the definitive host. Although salmonids are acknowledged as hosts for the parasite, it is less clear which fish species are active hosts in the life cycle of Tb. Differences in infection dynamics have been observed between some fish species, which are thought to be related to the existence of two main Tb-strains, the American and European. Iceland, having three species of indigenous salmonids and positioned geographically between Europe and North America, is an ideal location to study the natural development of Tb in wild fish. The main aim of this study was to determine the genetic origin of Tb in Iceland and confirm whether mature spores are produced in Icelandic salmonids. In this study, Icelandic salmonids were infected with the European Tb-strain. In situ hybridisation revealed that intraluminal sporogonic stages, including mature spores, were commonly observed in all three salmonid species. The presence of intraluminal stages has previously been confirmed in brown trout Salmo trutta Linnaeus and Atlantic salmon S. salar Linnaeus in Europe, but they have only been observed in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) in North America, infected by the local strain. This is, therefore, the first time that sporogonic stages have been observed in Arctic charr in Europe, where fish are infected with the European Tb-strain. Our data strongly suggest that all the three salmonid species inhabiting Icelandic waters serve as active hosts in the life cycle of Tb. However, for full confirmation, transmission trials are needed.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
679. The protective effect of mangiferin on osteoarthritis: an in vitro and in vivo study
- Creator:
- Wang, Yulu, Guo, Xinling, Fan, Xiaolong, Zhang, Haidong, Xue, Deting, and Pan, Zhijun
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- mangiferin, osteoarthritis (OA), cytokines, gene expression, in vitro, and in vivo
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Mangiferin is a kind of polyphenol chemical compound separated from these herbal medicines of Mangifera indica L., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. and Belamcanda chinensis L., which has anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, and other physiological activities without toxic effects. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease that is also a kind of arthritis disease in which articular cartilage or bones under the joint is damaged. In addition, artificial replacements are required in severe cases. At present, there are not too much researches on the potential biological activities of mangiferin that plays a protective role in the treatment of OA. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of mangiferin on osteoarthritis (OA) in vitro and in vivo. First, the effect of different concentrations of mangiferin on rat chondrocytes was determined by MTT assay. Second, the effects of mangiferin on the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, TNF-α, Collagen II, Caspase-3, and cystatin-C in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced rat chondrocytes were examined by the real-time polymerase chain reaction in vitro, meanwhile the effects of mangiferin on the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway were also investigated by Western Blot. Finally, the antiosteoarthritic protective effect of mangiferin was evaluated in the rat model by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) combined with bilateral ovariectomy-induced OA in vivo. The results showed that the mangiferin was found to inhibit the expression of MMP-13, TNF-α, and Caspase-3 which also increased the expression of Collagen II and cystatin-C in IL-1β-induced rat chondrocytes. In addition, IL-1β-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and the degradation of inhibitor of κB (IκB)-α were suppressed by mangiferin. For the in vivo study in a rat model of OA, 100 μl of mangiferin was administered by intra-articular injections for rats, the results showed that the cartilage degradation was suppressed by mangiferin through Micro CT and Histological Examination. According to both in vitro and in vivo results, mangiferin has a protective effect in the treatment of OA which may be a promising therapeutic agent for OA.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
680. The role of biocrust-induced exopolymeric matrix in runoff generation in arid and semiarid zones - a mini review
- Creator:
- Kidron, Giora J.
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- biological soil crusts, extracellular polymeric substances, pore clogging, hydrophobicity, infiltration-excess overland flow, and water repellency
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Although playing an important role in shaping the environment, the mechanisms responsible for runoff initiation and yield in arid and semiarid regions are not yet fully explored. With infiltration-excess overland flow, known also as Hortonian overland flow (HOF) taking place in these areas, the uppermost surface 'skin' plays a cardinal role in runoff initiation and yield. Over large areas, this skin is composed of biocrusts, a variety of autotrophs (principally cyanobacteria, green algae, lichens, mosses) accompanied by heterotrophs (such as fungi, bacteria, archaea), which may largely dictate the infiltration capability of the surface. With most biocrust organisms being capable of excreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS or exopolymers), and growing evidence pointing to the capability of certain EPS to partially seal the surface, EPS may play a cardinal role in hindering infiltration and triggering HOF. Yet, despite this logic thread, great controversy still exists regarding the main mechanisms responsible for runoff generation (runoff initiation and yield). Elucidation of the possible role played by EPS in runoff generation is the focus of the current review.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public