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5892. Human and man side by side, woman trapped in a different reality: word associations in Czech
- Creator:
- Wyrobkova, Adriana, Gygax, Pascal, and Petr Macek
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, studie, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Psychologie, psychologie, psychology, symbolická asymetrie, genderové kategorie, meziskupinové vztahy, sebeprosazení-vztahovost, sociální reprezentace, symbolic asymmetry, gender categories, intergroup relations, agency-communion, social representations, 17, and 159.9
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- a1_Hlavním cílem výzkumu byla verifikace symbolické asymetrie spontánních a sociálně sdílených reprezentací rodových kategorií v hodnotící dimenzi českého kulturního kontextu. 223 pregraduálních studentů (117 mužů a 106 žen, M = 20.5 let) bylo požádáno, aby volně asociovali na pojmy člověk, muž a žena (v náhodném pořadí) a každý z nich zhodnotili. Hypotézy: 1. Autoři očekávali větší překryv pojmů muž a člověk než mezi pojmy žena a člověk: a) z hlediska valence použitých pojmů; b) v dimenzi aktivita-souznění. 2. Očekávali celkově příznivější hodnocení pojmu žena než muž. 3. Očekávali také větší heterogenitu pojmu muž ve srovnání s pojmem žena, pokud jde o celkový počet různých slov asociovaných s těmito pojmy. Postupně byly provedeny dvě analýzy: celkové valence slov asociovaných s každým pojmem a analýza kategorií specificky zaměřená na hodnocení rozsahu, v němž se odpovědi na pojmy vztahovaly k dimenzi sebeprosazení vs. vztahovost. V první analýze jednorozměrnou ANOVA byly předložené pojmy (člověk vs. muž vs. žena) a pohlaví účastníků (žena vs. muž) považovány za proměnné rozlišující mezi účastníky. V druhé analýze pomocí smíšené ANOVA byly počet asociovaných slov vztahujících se k předloženému pojmu (člověk vs. muž vs. žena) a pohlaví účastníků (žena vs. muž) považovány za proměnné rozlišující mezi účastníky a atributy (aktivita vs. vztahovost) za vnitřní proměnné účastníků. Všechny hypotézy byly podpořeny daty. Výsledky svědčí o tom, že čeští mluvčí spontánně považují muže za rod vyšší úrovně. Globálněji studie podporuje myšlenku rodové symbolické asymetrie: rodové kategorie se neliší jenom ve svém obsahu, statutu nebo síle, ale také ve své hierarchické kognitivní organizaci., a2_Maskulinitě je připisována symbolická nadřazenost nad feminitou. Aby bylo možné zobecnit výsledky i mimo studentskou populaci, další výzkumy by měly získat data o širší dospělé populaci., b1_The main objective of the research was to verify the symbolic asymmetry in spontaneous and socially shared representations of gender categories, also on the evaluative dimension in the Czech cultural context. Two hundred and twenty-three undergraduate students (117 males and 106 females, M = 20.5 years old) were asked to freely produce their associations on primes Human, Man and Woman (in randomized order) and to evaluate each of them. Hypotheses. 1. Authors expected a stronger overlap between primes Man and Human than between Woman and Human: a) in overall valence of primes; b) on agency-communion dimensions. 2. They expected overall a more favorable evaluation of Woman than Man. 3. They also expected a greater heterogeneity for Man in comparison with Woman in terms of total number of different words associated with primes. Two sets of analyses were subsequently carried out; the overall valence of words associated with each prime and a categorical analysis specifically targeted at evaluating the extent to which responses to the primes pertained to communion vs. agency. For the former an univariate ANOVA was conducted considering prime (Human vs. Man vs. Woman) and sex of participant (Female vs. Male participant) as between-participants variables. For the latter, a mixed ANOVA was performed on the number of associated words considering prime (Human vs. Man vs. Woman) and sex of participant (Female vs. Male participant) as between-participants variables and attributes (Agency vs. Communion) as a within-participants variable. All hypotheses were supported. The results strongly suggest that Czech speakers spontaneously consider Man a higher-level gender. More globally, the study supports the idea of gendersymbolic asymmetry: gender categories do not differ only in their content, status or power, but also in their hierarchical cognitive organizations., b2_ Masculinity holds ascribed symbolic superiority over femininity. In order to generalize the results beyond students, future studies should access the more general adult working populations., Adriana Wyrobkova, Pascal Gygax, Petr Macek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
5893. Human genome evolution and development of cardiovascular risk factors through natural selection
- Creator:
- Rudolf Poledne and Josef Zicha
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fyziologie člověka, human physiology, Hypertension, Sodium conservation, Natural selection, Macrophages/monocytes, Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, Non-HDL cholesterol, Membrane receptors, Renal sodium handling, Cardiovascular risk factors, Urbanization, Migration, Adaptive and maladaptive traits, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Impressive advances in molecular genetic techniques allow to analyze the effects of natural selection on the development of human genome. For example, the trend towards blonde hair and blue eyes was documented. The approach to analyze possible effects of natural selection on the evolution of recent phenotypes with high risk of cardiovascular disease has not been described yet. A possible effect on the evolution of two main risk factors - hypercholesterolemia and hypertension - is presented. The close relationship of non-HDL cholesterol blood concentration to the proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages in human visceral adipose tissue might be a result of long-lasting natural selection. Individuals with higher proportion of this phenotype might also display a higher ability to fight infection, which was very common in human setting from prehistory until Middle Ages. Successful battle against infections increased the probability to survive till reproductive age. Similar hypothesis was proposed to explain frequent hypertension in African Americans. A long-lasting selection for higher ability to conserve sodium during long-term adaptation to low sodium intake and hot weather was followed by a short-term (but very hard) natural selection of individuals during transatlantic slave transport. Only those with very high capability to retain sodium were able to survive. Natural selection of phenotypes with high plasma cholesterol concentration and/or high blood pressure is recently potentiated by high-fat high-sodium diet and overnutrition. This hypothesis is also supported by the advantage of familial hypercholesterolemia in the 19th century (at the time of high infection disease mortality) in contrast to the disadvantage of familial hypercholesterolemia during the actual period of high cardiovascular disease mortality., R. Poledne, J. Zicha., and Seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5894. Human postural responses to different frequency vibrations of lower leg muscles
- Creator:
- Polónyová, A. and František Hlavačka
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, muži, svaly dolních končetin, men, lower limb muscles, postural responses, vibration frequency, lower leg muscles, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We analyzed human postural responses to muscle vibration applied at four different frequencies to lower leg muscles, the lateral gastrocnemius (GA) or tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. The muscle vibrations induced changes in postural orientation characterized by the center of pressure (CoP) on the force platform surface on which the subjects were standing. Unilateral vibratory stimulation of TA induced body leaning forward and in the direction of the stimulated leg. Unilateral vibration of GA muscles induced body tilting backwards and in the opposite direction of the stimulated leg. The time course of postural responses was similar and started within 1 s after the onset of vibration by a gradual body tilt. When a new slope of the body position was reached, oscillations of body alignment occurred. When the vibrations were discontinued, this was followed by rapid recovery of the initial body position. The relationship between the magnitude of the postural response and frequency of vibration differed between TA and GA. While the magnitude of postural responses to TA vibration increased approximately linearly in the 60-100 Hz range of vibration frequency, the magnitude of response to GA vibration increased linearly only at lower frequencies of 40-60 Hz. The direction of body tilt induced by muscle vibration did not depend on the vibration frequency., A. Polónyová, F. Hlavačka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
5895. Humanistická komunita v českých zemích - spojeni nejen chudobou
- Creator:
- Dostálová, Magda
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- teorie vědy, theory of science, 12, and 00
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Magda Dostálová.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5896. Humanitní vědy: Most mezi národní identitou a globální otevřeností
- Creator:
- Jaroslav Pánek
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce, akademie věd, academies of science, 12, and 00
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- This is the title of a lecture by Professor Jaroslav Panek, Vice President of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, to be delivered during International Conference Humanities and the Contemporary World. The symposium was hosted by the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts and was held from 7 to 9 June, 2012 at Podgorica, Montenegro. and Jaroslav Pánek.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5897. Humic acids quality of cambisols developed on gneiss and amphibolite
- Creator:
- Pospíšilová, Ľubica, Žigová, Anna, Šťastný, Martin, and Tibor Liptaj
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Geologie. Meteorologie. Klimatologie, rentgenová difraktometrie, huminové kyseliny, X-ray diffractometry, humic acids, cambisols, parent material, arable soil, grassland soil, SRATR FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, 7, and 551
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Chemical composition and structure of humic acids isolated from Cambisols forming on gneiss and amphibolite were studied. Cambisols differ in pH, cation exchange ca pacity, mineralogy composition, organic carbon input, plant residue and type of management. 13 C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy were used to show the main differences in humic substances quality. Humic acids isolated from soils developed on gneiss and amphibolite had wide variety of functional groups and different content of aromatic and aliphatic groups. Humic acids (HA) in arable soils contained more aromatic compounds and carbon in their molecule to compare with HA isolated from grassland. Forming of higher stability aggregates was connected with higher content of aliphatic groups in HA isolated from the grassland. Generally, humic acids in Cambisols represent young humic acids, with lower carbon content and high tendency to oxidation pr ocesses. Their chemical activity was mainly influenced by chemical composition and functional groups content., Ľubica Pospíšilová, Anna Žigová, Martin Šťastný and Tibor Liptaj., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
5898. Humoral and cellular immune responses in gluten-treated suckling or hand-fed rats
- Creator:
- Hana Kozáková, Štěpánková, R., Ludmila Tučková, Šinkora, M., Jelínková, L., and Helena Tlaskalová
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, apoptóza, apoptosis, model of coeliac disease, rats, proliferation, antigliadin antibodies, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We analyzed the immune response to gliadin in suckling rats and rats hand-fed with an artificial milk formula, an animal model of gluten enteropathy. Animals of both groups were intragastrically given either gliadin or albumin (control animals) or gliadin from birth till day 55. When compared to the controls, spleen lymphocytes from both groups of gliadin-treated rats cultivated in vitro exhibited a significant increase of spontaneous 3H-thymidine incorporation. Moreover, the proliferation of spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymhocytes from both groups of gliadin-treated suckling and hand-fed rats was specifically increased by the in vitro gliadin challenge. Spleen B cells from gliadin-treated rats spontaneously produced higher amounts of gliadin-specific antibodies than those from the controls, however, in vitro stimulation by gliadin caused no further increase in antibody production. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation in MLN cells was higher in gliadin-treated rats than in albumin-treated ones, independently of the milk diet during the suckling period., H. Kozáková, R. Štěpánková, L. Tučková, M. Šinkora, L. Jelínková, H. Tlaskalová-Hogenová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
5899. Humoreske
- Creator:
- Sinigaglia, Leone
- Format:
- Type:
- supplement, model:supplement, and TEXT
- Language:
- German
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5900. Huntingtonova diagnóza. Islám jako nový obraz Nepřítele?
- Creator:
- Barša, Pavel
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public