Numerous studies concerning the cardiovascular system in SHR often yield controversial data. The background of this diversity has various roots, ranging from different vascular segments or areas studied up to the different age of experimental animals. Our study aimed to follow the BP as an integrated response of vascular system. This approach was justified since stabilized cardiac output in SHR was proved till 1 year of age. The groups of male SHR (aged 3, 5, 9, 17 and 52 weeks) and age-matched Wistar rats were used. Significant basal BP difference between SHR and Wistar rats was found at 9 weeks of age and continued till the age of 52 weeks, reaching 189.6±11.9 mm Hg in SHR and 117.3±6.9 mm Hg in Wistar rats (P<0.01). The significant difference in BP increase to two doses of noradrenaline (0.1μg and 1 μg) between SHR and control rats was also found at the age of 9 weeks. At 52 weeks the BP increment to two doses of noradrenaline was in SHR 19.7±2.0 mm Hg and 60.5±3.9 mm Hg and in Wistar rats 7.4±1.9 mm Hg and 40.5±3.2 mm Hg (P<0.01). The hypotensive response to acetylcholine (0.1 μg, 1 μg and 10 μ) in SHR was enhanced at 17 weeks of age only and this amplification persisted till the age of 52 weeks. In 52-week-old SHR the hypotensive response to three doses was 69.9±10.2 mm Hg, 87.5±11.8 mm Hg and 103.4±10.6 mm Hg, while in Wistar rats it was 37.4 4.2 mm Hg P<0.0), 62.3±3.5 mm Hg (P<0.01) and 73.5±2.8 mm Hg (P<0.05). In conclusion, the efficiency of cardiovascular system of SHR to respond to noradrenaline was already enhanced from 9 weeks of age, whereas the response to acetylcholine was not augmented before the age of 17 weeks., M. Gerová, F. Kristek., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické údaje
V první části příspěvku se autor kriticky zamýšlí nad současnou většinovou produkcí české historiografie soudobých dějin. Vedle nevyužitých možností v podobě potenciálně ,,velkých'' témat, jež by mohla zaujmout i zahraniční publikum, jimž se ale věnují pohříchu jen jednotlivci, zde identifikuje jako chronický neduh podezřívavost či ignoranci vůči jakýmkoli teoretickým konceptům a hlubší metodologické reflexi. Tato slabina se podle něj projevuje jednak důslednou orientací na prameny, v horším případě „opisováním archivů“, jednak přebíráním aktuálních západních teoretických a metodologických přístupů a jejich mechanickou aplikací na zdejší historickou materii. Poté autor tyto své teze volně vztahuje ke knize Přemysla Houdy, která mu však nemá sloužit jako exemplární příklad oněch nedostatků, ale představuje prostě jeden titul z široké množiny srovnatelných., Houda se sice podle něj chopil důležitého a dosud málo zkoumaného tématu českého folku v sedmdesátých a osmdesátých letech minulého století, i on však trpí úzkou specializací, nedůvěřuje teorii a částečně pomíjí relevantní literaturu. Nešpor probírá jednotlivé kapitoly a poukazuje na problematické momenty, jako je pominutí kontinuity mezi šedesátými lety a dobou „normalizace“ na folkové scéně, scházející definice folku, příliš úzký výběr interpretů a stručný rozbor jejich písňových textů, nedostatečná pozornost věnovaná podstatě a proměnám tak mnohostranného žánru. Lépe než v obecných kapitolách se podle něj autorovi dařilo v případových studiích věnovaných vybraným fenoménům folkové hudby. Celkově je Houdova kniha důležitým kamenem do mozaiky poznání, k drahokamu má však daleko., In the fi rst part of this review article, the author critically considers mainstream Czech contemporary history writing as a whole. Apart from the missed opportunities to tackle potentially ''big'' topics that might also be of interest to readers outside the Czech Republic - which unfortunately only a few individuals have devoted themselves to - he argues that historians’ being suspicious of, or ignoring, any kind of theoretical concept and profounder methodological consideration is a chronic malady of the fi eld here. This weakness, according to him, is manifested both in a stubbornly one-sided orientation to primary sources (in the worst case merely ‘copying out archive records’), and, on the other hand, adopting current Western theoretical and methodological approaches and applying them mechanically to Czech historical material. The author then freely relates his theses to Přemysl Houda’s Intelektuální protest, nebo masová zábava? Folk jako společenský fenomén v době tzv. normalizace (Intellectual protest or mass entertainment? Folk music as a social phenomenon in the ‘Normalization’ period), published in 2014., The reviewer, however, does not aim to use this book as a prime example of these shortcomings - instead, it represents for him simply one publication of a whole range of comparable ones. Houda, argues the reviewer, has tackled the important and so far little-researched topic of Czech folk music in the 1970s and 1980s, but he too suffers from overly narrow specialization and from mistrust of theory, and he also partly neglects the relevant literature. The reviewer considers each chapter in the book, and points out the problems, for example, the author’s neglecting the continuity on the folk-music scene between the 1960s and the period of ‘Normalization’ (after the crushing of the Prague Spring reform movement), the lack of a defi nition of ‘folk music’, the excessively narrow selection of singer-songwriters he considers, the overly brief analysis of their lyrics, and insuffi cient attention to the essence of such a diverse genre and the transformations it went through. Better than in the book’s more general chapters, the author has, according to the reviewer, succeeded in the case studies devoted to particular folk-music phenomena. Though Houda’s book is on the whole an important stone in the mosaic of our knowledge, the reviewer concludes, it is far from a gem., and Zdeněk R. Nešpor.
Intense infections of a variant of Myxobolus procerus (Kudo, 1934) are described from trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum)) collected in Duluth Harbor, Lake Superior, USA. This particular population of parasites has spores that are identical in shape (narrow pyriform) to those described for M. procerus except that they are significantly smaller (13-14.5 pm long versus 15-17 pm long). In contrast to what was originally described for M. procerus, the plasmodia develop primarily within red and white striated muscle fibres and only rarely among the subdermal connective tissue. Most plasmodia were at or near the same stage of development. Typical development involves growth within the fibre. The parasite eventually replaces the entire content of the host cell and appears to halt development before rupturing the outer cell membrane. The only obvious host response was an occasional cyst being invaded by a localized cellular infiltrate. Infected fish appeared of normal health and no grossly evident myoliquefaction was seen. The infections involved several hundred plasmodia per fish and the question of why such unusually high levels of infection would develop in hosts inhabiting a polluted habitat is raised. It is suggested that proliferation of a pollution tolerant oligochaete (the suspected alternate host) in the harbour and/or a compromised host immune system may have increased the probability of successful transmission and development in trout-perch living in the harbour.
The long-term mortality conditions in Slovakia significantly lagged for demographically most advanced European countries. Mortality is one of the two main demographic processes which in the context of demographic transition undergone significant changes. The interbellum period constitutted for the population development and reproductive behaviour in Slovakia one of the most important developmental period. it is the period in which continued and deepened considerably significant quantitative and qualitative changes in the process of mortality. The aim of this paper is to analyze intensity and character of mortality in Slovakia in interwar period and to describe their changes and development. Special attention is paid to the level and character of infant mortality, differential analysis by age, sex, nationality, religion and causes of death., Branislav Šprocha, Pavol Tišliar., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Cílem práce bylo prozkoumat vztahy mezi mírou organizovaných aktivit dětí v předškolním věku, přesvědčením matky o přirozeném vývoji a kvalitou strategické pomoci (scaffolding) během společné hry s dítětem. Výzkumu se zúčastnilo 34 dvojic matek se svými dětmi ve věku od 52 do 83 měsíců (z toho 14 matek s vysokoškolským vzděláním). Data byla získána pozorováním společné hry se stavebnicí a pomocí dotazníků zjišťujících postoj matky k vývoji dítěte a míru organizovaných aktivit dětí. Bylo zjištěno, že u vysokoškolsky vzdělaných matek a matek s vyšším přesvědčením o přirozeném vývoji se objevuje méně nekvalitního scaffoldingu oproti matkám bez vysokoškolského vzdělání a s nižším přesvědčením o přirozeném vývoji. Ačkoli do organizovaných aktivit mimo mateřskou školu zapisují své děti více matky s VŠ vzděláním, docházka do těchto aktivit v rámci mateřské školy se u dětí matek s různým vzděláním neliší. Přestože matky s vysokoškolským vzděláním mohou nadměrně strukturovat volný čas dítěti skrze organizované aktivity, nebyla zjištěna souvislost této tendence na poskytování autonomie ve hře, a tedy na kvalitu scaffoldingu. Práce přináší nový pohled na problematiku intenzivního rodičovství a nadměrné strukturace času., The purpose of this study was to find out and verify relationships between the amount of organized activities (OAs) of children in preschool age, mother’s trust in organismic development and maternal scaffolding quality during mother-child play. Thirty-four pairs of mothers and their children aged 52-83 months participated in this study. The data was collected through a questionnaire and by observation of the game. Results revealed that higher educated mothers and mothers with higher trust in organismic development showed less poor-quality scaffolding during play in comparison to mothers without higher education and to mothers with lower trust in organismic development. Although higher educated mothers can excessively structure their children’s leisure time through OAs, there did not appear any effect of this on the autonomy support during the play and therefore on the scaffolding quality. This study brings a new view to issues of intensive parenting and the excessive structuring of children’s time., Adéla Woznicová, Renata Hlavová, Petra Daňsová, Lenka Lacinová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The two i nferior colliculi (IC) are paired structures in the midbrain that are connected to each other by a bundle of commissural fibers. The fibers play an important role in coordinating sound signal processing between the two inferior colliculi. This study examined inter-collicular suppression on sound signal processing in amp litude domain of mice by measuring the rate-amplitude functions (RAFs) of neurons in one IC during the electrical stimulation of the opposite IC. Three types (monotonic, saturated and non-monotonic) RAFs of collicular neurons were measured before and durin g inter-collicular suppression. Inter-collicular suppression significantly increased the slope, decreased the dynamic range and narrowed down the responsive amplitude of all RAFs to high amplitude level but did not change the type of most (36/43, 84 % ) RAFs. As a result, all types of RAFs were compressed at a greater degree at low than at high sound amplitude during inter-collicular suppression. These data indicate that inter-collicular suppression improve sound processing in the high amplitude domain., Liang Cheng, Hui-Xian Mei, Yun Huang., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In a frog neuromuscular preparation of m. sartorius, glutamate had a reversible dose-dependent inhibitory effect on both spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (MEPP) and nerve stimulation-evoked endplate potentials (EPP). The effect of glutamate on MEPP and EPP is caused by the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, as it was eliminated by MCPG, an inhibitor of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. The depression of evoked EPP, but not MEPP frequency was removed by inhibiting the NO production in the muscle by L-NAME and by ODQ that inhibits the soluble NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase. The glutamate-induced depression of the frequency of spontaneous MEPP is apparently not caused by the stimulation of the NO cascade. The particular glutamate-stimulated NO cascade affecting the evoked EPP can be down-regulated also by adenosine receptors, as the glutamate and adenosine actions are not additive and application of adenosine partially prevents the further decrease of quantal content by glutamate. On the other hand, there is no obvious interaction between the glutamatemediated inhibition of EPP and inhibitory pathways triggered by carbacholine and ATP. The effect of glutamate on the evoked EPP release might be due to NO-mediated modulation (phosphorylation) of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels at the presynaptic release zone that are necessary for evoked quantal release and open during EPP production., S. Adámek ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy