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1322. Representations and relations

Creator:
Koťátko, Petr
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
representation, proposition, truth-conditions, and belief-ascriptions
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The paper focuses on Uriah Kriegel’s non-relational account of representation, based on the rejection of the widely shared assumption that ''representing something involves (constitutively) bearing a relation to it''. Kriegel’s approach is briefly compared with another version of non-relational theory presented by Mark Sainsbury. The author discusses several reasons why the relational aspect of representation should stand in the center of our theoretical interest, despite the arguments of non-relationists. They concern (1) the origin of the very capacity to represent in our interactions with elements of our external environment; (2) the externalist arguments attempting to show that some of our states and acts are irreducibly embedded in our relations with external environment and these relations play an ineliminable role in the constitution of their content; (3) the fact that representations typically have conditions of satisfaction which relate the representing states or acts to the external world in such a way that if the conditions are not fulfilled, this counts as a representation-failure; (4) the fact that the representation ascriptions are often based relationally and the claim that two subjects think about the same often admits only relational interpretation. The author concludes by pointing to the wide variety of phenomena called ''representation'' and argues that there is no a priori reason to presuppose that all such cases admit, or even require a unified analysis., Příspěvek se zaměřuje na nerelační popis reprezentace Uriah Kriegla, založený na odmítnutí široce sdíleného předpokladu, že ,,představovat něco, co zahrnuje (konstitutivně) nesoucí vztah k němu''. Kriegelův přístup je stručně porovnán s jinou verzí nerelační teorie, kterou předložil Mark Sainsbury. Autorka rozebírá několik důvodů, proč by měl být relační aspekt reprezentace v centru našeho teoretického zájmu, navzdory argumentům nerelatistů. Týkají se (1) vzniku vlastní schopnosti reprezentovat v našich interakcích s prvky našeho vnějšího prostředí; (2) externistické argumenty, které se snaží ukázat, že některé z našich států a činů jsou nezvratně zakotveny v našich vztazích s vnějším prostředím a tyto vztahy hrají nezastupitelnou roli v ústavě jejich obsahu; (3) skutečnost, že reprezentace mají typicky podmínky spokojenosti, které se vztahují k reprezentujícím státům nebo jednáním vůči vnějšímu světu takovým způsobem, že pokud podmínky nejsou splněny, je to považováno za selhání reprezentace; (4) skutečnost, že popisy zastoupení jsou často založeny na relačním vztahu a tvrzení, že dva subjekty přemýšlejí o tom samém, často připouští pouze relační interpretaci. Autor uzavírá tím, že poukazuje na širokou škálu jevů nazývaných ,,reprezentace'' a tvrdí, že neexistuje žádný a priori důvod předpokládat, že všechny tyto případy připouští., and Petr Koťátko
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1323. Reprezentatívne povodie Čierny Hron

Creator:
Kyselová, Daniela, Podolinská, Jana, and Šipikalová, Helena
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
representative basin, small basin, monitoring, expeditionary measurements, hydrological models, reprezentatívne povodie, malé povodie, expedičné merania, and hydrologické modely
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The Čierny Hron River basin is left tributary of the Hron River basin, high wooded, only little influenced by anthropogenic activity. For these reasons in 1980 representative basin of the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMI) was established there. In the developing tasks of the SHMI and during International Hydrological Decade research of runoff creation and evolution with dependent of natural conditions according Program of the representative river basin (Podolinský, Šipikalová, 1994) were implemented. The Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute operates there extended monitoring network of the water-gauging and rainfall stations with monitoring and evaluation of observed elements till now. Monitored data and results from expeditionary measurements are continuously used for new methodologies, processes, runoff modeling of hydrological characteristics evaluation and discharge forecast. In the paper we have described all activities of the representative basin during its history. and Čierny Hron je ľavostranným prítokom Hrona s vysokým percentom zalesnenia, s takmer nenarušeným režimom odtoku. V rámci rozvojových úloh ústavu a Medzinárodnej hydrologickej dekády bol uskutočňovaný výskum tvorby a vývoja odtoku v závislosti od prírodných podmienok podľa Programu reprezentatívneho povodia (Podolinský, Šipikalová, 1994) a v roku 1980 bolo začlenené medzi reprezentatívne povodia Slovenského hydrometeorologického ústavu (SHMÚ). Z toho dôvodu má Slovenský hydrometeorologický ústav v povodí rozšírenú sieť vodomerných a zrážkomerných staníc, v ktorých sa sledujú a vyhodnocujú pozorované prvky. Vyhodnotené údaje z monitorovacích staníc, doplnené o expedičné merania sa priebežne využívajú na vypracovanie nových metodík, postupov, modelovanie odtoku a predpoveď prietokov. V príspevku sme sa snažili zhrnúť všetky aktivity a úlohy, ktoré sa zaoberali reprezentatívnym povodím počas jeho existencie.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1324. Řešení povodňového řízení odtoku z nádrží v syntetických povodňových vlnách. Část 1. Metodika řešení

Creator:
Fošumpaur, Pavel, Holeček, Miroslav, and Nacházel, Karel
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
precipitation amount, weather generator, Markov chain, continual simulation, synthetic flood wave, reservoir flood routing, problems of prediction of Inflow into reservoir, conditions of stochastic uncertainty, srážkový úhrn, generátor srážek, Markovův řetězec, kontinuální simulace, syntetická povodňová vlna, transformace povodňové vlny v nádrži, problematika predikce přítoku do nádrže, and podmínky stochastické neurčitosti
Language:
Slovak
Description:
This study investigates the possibilities of the generation of synthetic flood waves and their utilization for the solution of the transformed run-off from reservoirs during different hydrological situations. The synthetic flood waves were derived by means of a useful combination of the generator of the synthetic rainfall in a short-time interval with the rainfall-runoff model. The sets of the flood waves with requisite properties /e.g. the N-year flood peak, the volume of the N-year flood wave, etc./ were selected from the long synthetic time series. The aim of the study was to elaborate the hitherto existing methods of the run-off control based only on one design hydrograph and to evaluate the favourable operations in other situations. and Studie zkoumá možnosti generování syntetických povodňových vln a jejich využití pro řešení transformace odtoku z nádrží v různých hydrologických situacích. Syntetické povodňové vlny byly odvozeny účelným propojením generátoru syntetických srážkových úhrnů v krátkých časových intervalech se srážkoodtokovým modelem. Z dlouhých nagenerových řad byly vybírány soubory povodňových vln s požadovanými vlastnostmi (např. N-letými kulminacemi, objemy a j.). Cílem výzkumu bylo prohloubit dosavadní metodické postupy řešení operativního řízení odtoku založené jen na podkladě jedné návrhové povodně a posoudit nejvhodnější manipulace i v jiných situacích.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1325. Řešení povodňového řízení odtoku z nádrží v syntetických povodňových vlnách. Část 2. Výsledky řešení

Creator:
Fošumpaur, Pavel, Holeček, Miroslav, and Nacházel, Karel
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
weather generator, continual simulation, synthetic rainfall-runoff event, synthetic flood wave, reservoir flood routing, conditions of stochastic uncertainty, hydrological model, generátor srážek, kontinuální simulace, syntetická srážkoodtoková epizoda, syntetická povodňová vlna, transformace povodňové vlny v nádrži, podmínky stochastické neurčitosti, and hydrologický model
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The second part of the study presents the results of the investigation of the flood control in the synthetic flood waves. This part is the continuation of the first part with methodology, published in 2/2007 of the JHH. and Tato část studie uvádí výsledky řešení povodňového řízení odtoku z nádrží v syntetických povodňových vlnách. Navazuje na první část s metodickými postupy, publikovanou v č. 2/2007 Vodohospodářského časopisu.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1326. Response of soil organic carbon and water-stable aggregates to different biochar treatments including nitrogen fertilization

Creator:
Šimanský, Vladimír, Igaz, Dušan, Horák, Ján, Šurda, Peter, Kolenčík, Marek, Buchkina, Natalya P., Uzarowicz, Łukasz, Juriga, Martin, Šrank, Dušan, and Pauková, Žaneta
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
soil structure, soil organic carbon, labile carbon, aggregate stability, biochar, and N fertilizer
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Recent studies show that biochar improves physical properties of soils and contributes to the carbon sequestration. In contrast to most other studies on biochar, the present study comprise a long-term field experiment with a special focus on the simultaneous impact of N-fertilizer to soil structure parameters and content of soil organic carbon (SOC) since SOC has been linked to improved aggregate stability. However, the question remains: how does the content of water-stable aggregates change with the content of organic matter? In this paper we investigate the effects of biochar alone and in a combination with N-fertilizer (i) on the content of water-stable macro- (WSAma) and micro-aggregates (WSAmi) as well as soil structure parameters; and (ii) on the contents of SOC and labile carbon (CL) in water-stable aggregates (WSA). A field experiment was conducted with different biochar application rates: B0 control (0 t ha–1), B10 (10 t ha–1) and B20 (20 t ha–1) and 0 (no N), 1st and 2nd level of nitrogen fertilization. The doses of level 1 were calculated on required average crop production using the balance method. The level 2 included an application of additional 100% of N in 2014 and additional 50% of N in the years 2015–2016 on silty loam Haplic Luvisol at the study site located at Dolná Malanta (Slovakia). The effects were investigated after the growing season of spring barley, maize and spring wheat in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The results indicate that the B10N0 treatment significantly decreased the structure vulnerability by 25% compared to B0N0. Overall, the lower level of N combined with lower doses of biochar and the higher level of N showed positive effects on the average contents of higher classes of WSAma and other soil structure parameters. The content of SOC in WSA in all size classes and the content of CL in WSAma 3–1 mm significantly increased after applying 20 t ha–1 of biochar compared to B0N0. In the case of the B20N1 treatment, the content of SOC in WSAma within the size classes >5 mm (8%), 5– 3 mm (19%), 3–2 mm (12%), 2–1 mm (16%), 1–0.5 mm (14%), 0.5–0.25 mm (9%) and WSAmi (12%) was higher than in B0N1. We also observed a considerably higher content of SOC in WSAma 5–0.5 mm and WSAmi with the B10N1 treatment as compared to B0N1. Doses of 20 t biochar ha–1 combined with second level of N fertilization had significant effect on the increase of WSAma and WSAmi compared to the B0N2 treatment. A significant increase of CL in WSA was determined for size classes of 2–0.25 mm and WSAmi in the B20N2 treatment. Our findings showed that biochar might have beneficial effects on soil structure parameters, SOC, CL in WSA and carbon sequestration, depending on the applied amounts of biochar and nitrogen.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1330. Rethinking slurs: a case against neutral counterparts and the introduction of referential flexibility

Creator:
Damirjian, Alice
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
neutral counterparts, pejorative language, philosophy of language, semantics, and slurs
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Slurs are pejorative expressions that derogate individuals or groups on the basis of their gender, race, nationality, religion, sexual orientation and so forth. In the constantly growing literature on slurs, it has become customary to appeal to so-called “neutral counterparts” for explaining the extension and truth-conditional content of slurring terms. More precisely, it is commonly assumed that every slur shares its extension and literal content with a non-evaluative counterpart term. I think this assumption is unwarranted and, in this paper, I shall present two arguments against it. (i) A careful comparison of slurs with complex or thick group-referencing pejoratives lacking neutral counterparts shows that these are in fact very hard to distinguish. (ii) Slurs lack the referential stability of their alleged neutral counterparts, which suggests that they are not coreferential. Developing (ii) will involve introducing a new concept which I regard as essential for understanding how slurs behave in natural language: referential flexibility. I shall support my claims by looking at historical and current ways in which slurs and other pejorative terms are used, and I shall argue that both etymological data and new empirical data support the conclusion that the assumption of neutral counterparts not only is unwarranted but obscures our understanding of what slurs are, and what speakers do with them.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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