Early consequences of lithium-pilocarpine convulsive status epilepticus (SE) were studied six days after this status had been induced in rat pups at the age of either 12 or 25 days. Studies of spontaneous EEG activity demonstrated the presence of epileptic phenomena (isolated spikes) in both hippocampus and cortex (cortical spikes were more expressed in the older group). There were no marked behavioral correlates of spikes and transition into the ictal phase was exceptional. The motor performance on a rotorod and a horizontal bar was the same in experimental and control rats of both ages. Behavior in the open field was changed in a reverse manner in the two age groups: the locomotor activity of rats with induced seizures at the age of 12 days was significantly lower than that of their control siblings, whereas animals undergoing status at the age of 25 days were hyperactive. In addition, they also exhibited increased exploratory activity (rearing) and their habituation to the open field was deranged. Nissl-stained brain sections demonstrated extensive brain damage in the older group in contrast to the negative findings in younger animals. EEG, behavioral and morphological changes induced by status epilepticus in developing rats persisted for 6 days after the status. They markedly differed according to the age of animals., L. Suchomelová, H. Kubová, R. Haugvicová, R. Druga, P. Mareš., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The influence of calcium channel blockers and ionophore on Cu2+-induced changes of the photosynthetic activity of runner bean plants (Phaseolus coccineus L.) was investigated. Excess Cu2+ was applied to leaves by injection or via the roots to examine a short/local or a long time/systemic effect of this metal, respectively. The changes in fluorescence parameters indicated that the mechanism of toxic action of Cu2+ ions on the photosynthetic apparatus was only partially connected with Ca2+ or Ca2+ channels. In young plants Ca2+ diminished especially photochemical and nonphotochemical dissipative processes induced by short- and long-term influence of excess Cu2+. Blocking of Ca2+ channels did not change direct Cu2+ action on the photosynthetic activity, however, their opening distinctly intensified the inhibitory effect of the metal. After a longer accumulation peri od the effect of Cu2+ ions did not change significantly due to modified Ca2+ penetration through membranes (except that caused by La3+). Copper directly introduced into older leaves diminished only at its highest concentration the activity both of the donor and acceptor sides of photosystem 2 (PS2) connected with Rfd decrease and increase of LNU. A similar effect was observed also after a long-term Cu2+ action, but disturbances on the acceptor side of PS2 were observed only at a higher Ca2+ content in the nutrient solution. Ca2+ ions, particularly after openning of channels, intensified direct inhibitory Cu2+ action on the photosynthetic activity expressed by decreased values of Fv/F0 and Rfd. Lanthanum and verapamil, at a lower Ca2+ content in the medium, decreased the photosynthetic activity of Cu2+-treated plants. This effect was also seen after additional Ca2+ supply to the leaves. and W. Maksymiec, T. Baszyński.
We present additional evidence in support of our prevlous work (Crifo, 1987 bc) in which, from theoretical fits to Comet Halley
near -to far- infrared emissions, based on the in-situ flyby probes data, we estimated that the comet was losing half or more of its mass under the form of large (> 1 gram) grains of small (0.3 g cm-^3) density. We confirm that the comet dust-to-gas mass loss rate ratio lies somewhere between the values 0.80 and 18.6, with a best estimate at 3.46. We discuss this result in the context of the general agreement that comets loose less than half of their total mass loss in dust, and this dominantly at very smáli grain sizes. We trace this agreement back to overconfidence placed in a model size distribution which inherently excludes substantial mass loss in
large grains without appropriate experimental justification.
Diurnal variations in streamflow (DVS) have been studied in detail by underwater pressure loggers. Some of this equipment requires barometric compensation with a logger or sensor located outside the water. Studies related to this topic have not offered a critical report of the validity of patterns inferred with these instruments. While studying a forested watershed in Southern Chile (40° S), we detected a DVS when the external logger was placed 1.5 m above ground, under a marked diurnal fluctuation in air temperature (amplitude 12.4 °C) and a dampened fluctuation in stream temperature (amplitude 1.4 °C). Synchronization was apparent between air and stream temperature in a direct relationship, but the synchronization between air/stream temperature and streamflow was negative, with some hours of lag time. In laboratory experiments, when the external logger is considerably warmer than the water-level logger, depth measurements can be underestimated by up to 1.5 cm. When the opposite occurs, water depths can be overestimated by up to 0.9 cm and are large instrumental/methodological artifacts compared to the field water diurnal variation of 1.3 cm. Finally, we relocated the external logger in front of the water-level logger and inside a weir, but exposed to the air. Results confirmed the pattern previously detected in the field, but streamflow fluctuations were 19% less accentuated. We conclude that the incorrect placement of the external logger, along with an instrumental artifact, can intensify a DVS pattern. and Počas dňa sme podrobne sledovali zmeny prietokov v tokoch tlakovými snímačmi, umiestnenými pod vodou. Niektoré z týchto zariadení vyžadujú barometrickú kompenzáciu snímačov, ktoré nie sú umiestnené vo vode. Štúdie z tejto oblasti obyčajne nehodnotia kriticky správnosť výsledkov meraní týmito zariadeniami. Počas meraní v zalesnenom povodí na juhu Chile (40° S), sme zistili zmeny prietokov v tokoch počas dňa, ak bol externý tlakový snímač (logger) uložený 1,5 m nad zemou, počas výrazných denných zmien teploty vzduchu (amplitúda 12.4 °C) a stlmené fluktuácie teploty vody v toku (amplitúda 1.4 °C). Synchronizácia medzi teplotami vody a vzduchu bola zrejmá, ale synchronizácia medzi teplotami vody v toku a prietokmi bola negatívna, s hodinovými posunmi voči sebe. V experimentoch v laboratóriu, keď bol externý snímač podstatne teplejší ako snímač vo vode, meranie hĺbok bolo podhodnotené až o 1,5 cm. V opačnom prípade, hĺbka hladiny vody bola nadhodnotená až o 0,9 cm a boli zistené významné inštrumentálne/metodologické artefakty v porovnaní s poľnými meraniami až o 1,3 cm. Nakoniec, externý snímač bol umiestnený pred snímač s údajmi o vodnej hladine a dovnútra prepadu, ale bol vo vzduchu. Výsledky meraní potvrdili chody prietokov namerané v teréne, ale fluktuácie prietokov boli nižšie o 19 %. Z toho vyplýva, že nesprávne umiestnenie externého snímača, spolu s prístrojovými artefaktmi, môžu intenzifikovať zmeny prietokov v tokoch počas dňa.
The use of Continuously Operating Reference Stations, both singly and as part of an active network, is widely employed in surveying, engineering and other geomatics applications, achieving high accuracy positioning even in real time. With an active network the measurements of the reference stations are processed jointly in order to model the errors and compute network RTK corrections. Due to distance dependent errors (ionospheric and tropospheric delays), single base RTK positioning accuracy decreases with increased baseline length. However, the network solution (NRTK) retains the accuracy and the time to fix ambiguities (TTFA) at a constant level. This study aims to contribute to the scientific research on real time positioning based on active networks. In Southern Spain, ERGNSS, a national CORS network that provides GNSS data for post-processing and real time single- b ased reference station corrections, shares territory with the Andalusian Positioning Network (RAP), a local active network. RAP provides network an d single-based RTK corrections. In order to analyze the quality of real time positioning based on both networks, several tests have been performed on a sample of test points. The reference frame, the time to fix ambiguity resolution, precision, accuracy and repeatability of RTK positioning are considered as the evaluation parameters. The results confirm that the RAP network complements the precise positioning services provided by the ERGNSS network, ensuring accurate real time positioning, full cove rage and reliable positioning services in the Andalusian Community., Mª Selmira Garrido, Antonio J. Gil and Rafael Gaitán., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This paper argues that English quantifier phrases of the form ''every F'' admit of a literal referential interpretation, contrary to the standard semantic account of this expression, according to which it denotes a set and a second-order relation. Various arguments are offered in favor of the referential interpretation, and two likely objections to it are forestalled., Tento článek argumentuje, že anglické kvantifikační fráze formy ,,každý F'' přiznávají doslovný referenční výklad, na rozdíl od standardního sémantického účtu tohoto výrazu, podle kterého označuje množinu a vztah druhého řádu. Různé argumenty jsou nabídnuty ve prospěch referenčního výkladu, a dvě pravděpodobné námitky k tomu jsou zalesněny., and Pierre Baumann
7-day soil drought followed by 7-day rehydration was applied to potted German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) plants at the beginning of their generative stage. Plants of a wild type (WT), plus two diploid (2n) and two tetraploid (4n) genotypes were studied, in order to examine the alterations in chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) contents, and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) parameters during water shortage and rehydration. The fresh mass of the anthodia after the recovery was also studied.
WT plants adjust better to water stress than modern breeding genotypes, because drought resulted in the low fall in leaf water content of WT, the lowest decrease in the fresh mass of its anthodia (a 41% decrease from the control), and the most elastic response of the photosynthetic apparatus. 4n C11/2 strain plants suffered from the highest reduction in anthodia yield (87%), and had the lowest constitutive pigment contents. It was also the only genotype which revealed nontypical alterations in various CF parameters obtained on a dark- and light-adapted leaf. During drought, a big increase was noticed in minimal, maximal, and variable fluorescence of PSII reaction centres in the dark- adapted (F0, Fm and Fv, respectively), and in the light-adapted state (F0', Fm' and Fv')., It was accompanied by the biggest decline in linear electron transport rate (ETR), quantum efficiency of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP). These alterations were prolonged to the stage when the normal leaf water content was retained. On the contrary, C6/2 strain plants had the highest constitutive Chl and Car contents, which additionally increased after rehydration, similarly to the values of F0, Fm and Fv, which reflects the high photosynthetic potential of this genotype. It was accompanied by the relatively high yield of its anthodia after drought. Considering the drop in the yield triggered by drought, it seems to be the only parameter which may be linked with the ploidy level.
Although the yield formation of chamomile strains cannot simply be estimated by CF assay, this technique may serve as an additional tool in the selection of plants to drought. The following circumstances should be submitted; namely: measurement at the proper developmental stage of plants, in different water regimes, and an analysis of various CF parameters. The increase in F0 and F0', and the reduction in ETR, Fv'/Fm', ΦPSII and qP values in response to water deficit should be an indicator of the impairment of the photosynthetic apparatus through drought., and R. Bączek-Kwinta ... [et al.].
In order to study a possible effect of mini-invasive heart intervention on a response of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal stress axis, we analyzed four stress markers (cortisol, cortisone, DHEA and DHEAS) in 25 sows using minimally invasive heart catheterisation as the stress factor. The marker levels were assessed in four periods of the experiment, (1) the baseline level on the day before intervention, (2) after the introduction of anesthesia, (3) after conducting tissue stimulation or ablation, and (4) after the end of the catheterisation. For statistical analyses we used the non-parametric Friedman test for four dependent samples (including all four stages of the operation) or three dependent samples (influence of operation only, baseline level was excluded). Statistically significant differences in both Friedman tests were found for cortisol and for cortisone. Significant differences for DHEA as well as for DHEAS were found for all tested stages but not for the effect of operation itself. We have concluded that cortisol levels are blunted by the influence of anesthesia after its administration, and therefore decrease back to the baseline at the end of the operation. The other markers (cortisone, DHEA and DHEAS) acted as balanced systems against the injurious stress effect., H. Skarlandtová, M. Bičíková, P. Neužil, M. Mlček, V. Hrachovina, T. Svoboda, E. Medová, J. Kudlička, A. Dohnalová, Š. Havránek, H. Kazihnítková, L. Máčová, E. Vařejková, O. Kittnar., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Does a coherentist version of rationality issue requirements on states? Or does it issue requirements on processes? This paper evaluates the possibility of process-requirements. It argues that there are two possible definitions of state- and process-requirements: a satisfaction-based definition and a content-based definition. I demonstrate that the satisfaction-based definition is inappropriate. It does not allow us to uphold a clear-cut distinction between state- and process-requirements. We should therefore use a content-based definition of state- and process-requirements. However, a content-based definition entails that rationality does not issue process-requirements. Content-based process-requirements violate the principle that ''rationality requires'' implies ''can satisfy''. The conclusion of this paper therefore amounts to a radical rejection of process-requirements of rationality., Vyžaduje koherentní verze racionálních požadavků požadavky na státy? Nebo vydává požadavky na procesy? Tento článek hodnotí možnost procesních požadavků. Tvrdí, že existují dvě možné definice požadavků na stav a proces: definice založená na spokojenosti a definice založená na obsahu. Prokazuji, že definice založená na spokojenosti je nevhodná. To nám neumožňuje prosazovat jednoznačný rozdíl mezi požadavky na stav a proces. Měli bychom proto použít obsahovou definici požadavků na stav a proces. Definice založená na obsahu však znamená, že racionalita nevyžaduje procesní požadavky. Požadavky na obsah založené na obsahu porušují zásadu, že ,,racionalita vyžaduje'' znamená ,,uspokojit''., and Julian Fink
Ceremonial inauguration of Tokamak Compass-D that Czech Republic obtained as gift from Great Britain took place in April 1 2008 by participation e.g. chairman of AS CR Václav Pačes, ambasador of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Linda Joy Duffield, director of Association EUROATOM-IPP.CR Hardo Bruns and director of UKAEA Fusion Sir Chris Llewellyn Smith. A Tokamak Compass-D is a machine producing a toroidal magnetic field for confining a plasma. It is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices and the most researched candidate for producing fusion energy. and Marina Hužvárová.