Number of results to display per page
Search Results
3192. Botany as a new field of knowledge in the thirteenth century: on the genesis of the specialized sciences
- Creator:
- Yavuz, Mustafa and Oliva, Pilar Herraíz
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- botany, De plantis, Aristotle, Nicolaus Damascenus, Kitab al-Nabat, botanika, Aristoteles, and Mikuláš z Damašku
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Th e reception of the translations of Aristotelian and pseudo-Aristotelian works at the University of Paris in the thirteenth century promoted a new understanding of the sciences as specialized fi elds of knowledge. Th e huge amount of translations required a new organization of knowledge, which included novel subjects and categories. Among these there is a very special case, namely the pseudo- Aristotelian De plantis, translated from Arabic into Latin and then back into Greek to be re-translated into Latin again. De plantis was included in the new curriculum in Ripoll 109 (1230–1240 BCE), and constituted the main source for botanical studies until the sixteenth century. Th roughout this paper we will explore the reception and impact of De plantis in both the Arabic and the Latin traditions. We aim to show its foundational role in the development of botany as a theoretical discipline within the natural sciences. and Recepce překladů aristotelských (včetně pseudo-aristotelských) textů na Pařížské univerzitě 13. století šířila nové porozumění vědám jakožto specializovaným oblastem poznání. Velké množství překladů vyžadovalo novou reorganizaci vědění, která musela zahrnout nové předměty a kategorie. Mezi těmito překlady můžeme najít velmi specifi cký případ – pseudo- -aristotelský spis De plantis, přeložený z arabštiny do latiny, poté zpět do řečtiny a nakonec znovu přeložený do latiny. De plantis byl zahrnut do nového kurikula v Ripollu 109 (1230–1240 n.l.) a tvořil hlavní pramen pro botanické studie až do 16. století. V tomto článku zkoumáme přijetí a dopad De plantis jak na arabskou, tak na latinskou tradici. Našim cílem je ukázat jeho fundamentální roli ve vývoji botaniky jako nové disciplíny v rámci přírodních věd.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3193. Both Caspase and Calpain are involved in endoplasmic reticulum-targeted BNIP3-induced cell death
- Creator:
- Zeng, J., Huang, Y. Y. , Xu, X. M., Li, S. H. , and Zuo, D. C.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- BNIP3, cell death, endoplasmic reticulum, calpain, and caspase
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Bcl-2/E1B-19K-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) is a member of the apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 family that regulates cell death. Although BNIP3 targeted normally to the mitochondrial outer membrane by its transmembrane domain was originally considered to be essential for its pro-apoptotic activity, accumulating evidence has shown that BNIP3 is localized to endoplasmic reticulum at physiological conditions and that forced expression of BNIP3 can initiate cell death via multiple pathways depending on the subcellular compartment it targets. Targeting BNIP3 to endoplasmic reticulum has been shown to participate in cell death during endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the molecular events responsible for BNIP3-induced cell death in the endoplasmic reticulum remain poorly understood. In the present study, the transmembrane domain of BNIP3 was replaced with a segment of cytochrome b5 that targets BNIP3 into endoplasmic reticulum, which induced cell death as effectively as its wild-type molecule in the SW480 cell line (colon carcinoma). Furthermore, a pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, and PD150606, a specific calpain inhibitor, both significantly suppressed the endoplasmic reticulum-targeted BNIP3- induced cell death. These results suggest that endoplasmic reticulum-targeted BNIP3 induced a mixed mode of cell death requiring both caspases and calpains.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3194. Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) from the blackfish, Centrolophus niger (Perciformes: Centrolophidae)
- Creator:
- Kuchta, Roman, Scholz, Tomáš, Brabec, Jan, Jirsová, Dagmar, and Gustinelli, Andrea
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Bothriocephalidea, species survey, Amphicotyle heteropleura, Bothriocotyle solinosomum, Echinophallus wageneri, Milanella familiaris, morphology, taxonomy, and identification key
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Bothriocephalidean tapeworms parasitic in the blackfish, Centrolophus niger (Gmelin) (Perciformes: Centrolophidae), are redescribed on the basis of the evaluation of freshly collected specimens and museum material. This evaluation enabled us to supplement species diagnoses by new morphological characters of potential use for phylogenetic analyses, including the data from scanning electron microscopical observations, and to provide a key to identification of the following four species occurring in this fish: Amphicotyle heteropleura (Diesing, 1850); Milanella familiaris Kuchta et Scholz, 2008 (both Triaenophoridae); Bothriocotyle solinosomum Ariola, 1900; and Echinophallus wageneri (Monticelli, 1890) (both Echinophallidae). Large spiniform microtriches were observed on the surface of the posterodorsal margin of segments of B. solinosomum, E. wageneri and M. familiaris. The invalidity of Atelemerus Guiart, 1935, first proposed by Bray et al. (1994), is supported by the present data and its type species, A. acanthodes Guiart, 1935, is newly synonymised with E. wageneri.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3195. Boulesic logic, deontic logic and the structure of a perfectly rational will
- Creator:
- Rönnedal, Daniel
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Boulesic logic, deontic logic, modal logic, practical rationality, the hypothetical imperative, the logic of the will, and semantic tableaux
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In this paper, I will discuss boulesic and deontic logic and the relationship between these branches of logic. By ‘boulesic logic,’ or ‘the logic of the will,’ I mean a new kind of logic that deals with ‘boulesic’ concepts, expressions, sentences, arguments and systems. I will concentrate on two types of boulesic expression: ‘individual x wants it to be the case that’ and ‘individual x accepts that it is the case that.’ These expressions will be symbolised by two sentential operators that take individuals and sentences as arguments and give sentences as values. Deontic logic is a relatively well-established branch of logic. It deals with normative concepts, sentences, arguments and systems. In this paper, I will show how deontic logic can be grounded in boulesic logic. I will develop a set of semantic tableau systems that include boulesic and alethic operators, possibilist quantifiers and the identity predicate; I will then show how these systems can be augmented by a set of deontic operators. I use a kind of possible world semantics to explain the intended meaning of our formal systems. Intuitively, we can think of our semantics as a description of the structure of a perfectly rational will. I mention some interesting theorems that can be proved in our systems, including some versions of the so-called hypothetical imperative. Finally, I show that all systems that are described in this paper are sound and complete with respect to their semantics.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3196. Bound-based decision rules in multistage stochastic programming
- Creator:
- Kuhn, Daniel, Parpas, Panos, and Rustem, Berç
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- stochastic programming, bounds, decision rules, expected value constraints, and portfolio optimization
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We study bounding approximations for a multistage stochastic program with expected value constraints. Two simpler approximate stochastic programs, which provide upper and lower bounds on the original problem, are obtained by replacing the original stochastic data process by finitely supported approximate processes. We model the original and approximate processes as dependent random vectors on a joint probability space. This probabilistic coupling allows us to transform the optimal solution of the upper bounding problem to a near-optimal decision rule for the original problem. Unlike the scenario tree based solutions of the bounding problems, the resulting decision rule is implementable in all decision stages, i.e., there is no need for dynamic reoptimization during the planning period. Our approach is illustrated with a mean-risk portfolio optimization model.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3197. Boundary conforming discretization of three-dimensional domains
- Creator:
- Rypl, Daniel and Bittnar, Zdeněk
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- constrained Delaunay triangulation, advancing front technique, boundary recovery, and boundary conformity
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In this paper, the algorithm for the discretization of 3D domains into tetrahedral boundary conforming meshes is presented. The algorithm is based on the Delaunay triangulation with special point ordering. The conformity of the resulting mesh with the initial triangulation of the domain boundary is ensured a priori thus the boundary recovery postprocessing step is eliminated. The constrained Delaunay triangulation of the boundary points is obtained using modified Watson's point insertion algorithm. The actual appearance of boundary faces in the final triangulation is achieved by the form of an oriented graph, of the violation of the empty-sphere property of all boundary faces. The cycle dependencies (closed loops in the graph) are eliminated by using the nodal perturbations, by classification of some of the violations as safe and (as the last resort) by forming a new tetrahedron using the advancing front technique. Once all the cyclic dependencies are eliminated, the point insertion process controlled by the dependency graph is started and the constrained Delaunay triangulation of the boundary points is built. In the next phase, additional points are inserted in the interior of the domain, while preserving the boundary constraints, to make the elements of appropriate size with aspect ratio close to one. The resulting mesh is then subjected to optimization in terms of the combination of Laplacian smoothing and topological transformations, in order to remove the potential slivers and to improve the overall mesh quality. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3198. Boundary functions in $L^2H(\mathbb{B}^n)$
- Creator:
- Kot, Piotr
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- boundary behavior of holomorphic functions, exceptional sets, boundary functions, computed tomography, and Dirichlet problem
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We solve the Dirichlet problem for line integrals of holomorphic functions in the unit ball: For a function $u$ which is lower semi-continuous on $\partial \mathbb{B}^{n}$ we give necessary and sufficient conditions in order that there exists a holomorphic function $f\in \mathbb{O}(\mathbb{B}^{n})$ such that \[ u(z)=\int _{|\lambda |<1}\left|f(\lambda z)\right|^{2}\mathrm{d}{\mathfrak L}^{2}(\lambda ).\].
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3199. Boundary functions on a bounded balanced domain
- Creator:
- Kot, Piotr
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- boundary behavior of holomorphic functions, exceptional sets, boundary functions, Dirichlet problem, and Radon inversion problem
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We solve the following Dirichlet problem on the bounded balanced domain $\Omega $ with some additional properties: For $p>0$ and a positive lower semi-continuous function $u$ on $\partial \Omega $ with $u(z)=u(\lambda z)$ for $|\lambda |=1$, $z\in \partial \Omega $ we construct a holomorphic function $f\in \Bbb O(\Omega )$ such that $u(z)=\int _{\Bbb Dz}|f|^pd \frak L_{\Bbb Dz}^2$ for $z\in \partial \Omega $, where $\Bbb D=\{\lambda \in \Bbb C\:|\lambda |<1\}$.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
3200. Boundary layer phenomenon for three-point boundary value problem for the nonlinear singularly perturbed systems
- Creator:
- Vrabel, Robert
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- singularly perturbed systems, three-point boundary value problem, method of lower and upper solutions, and controller
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- This paper deals with the three-point boundary value problem for the nonlinear singularly perturbed second-order systems. Especially, we focus on an analysis of the solutions in the right endpoint of considered interval from an appearance of the boundary layer point of view. We use the method of lower and upper solutions combined with analysis of the integral equation associated with the class of nonlinear systems considered here.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public