Changes in photosynthetic attributes related to genetic improvement of cotton yield were studied in seven Chinese cotton cultivars widely grown in Xinjiang during the past 30 years. Our results showed that a chlorophyll (Chl) content and net photosynthetic rate (PN) of the 1980s cultivar was the highest among all after 60 days from planting (DAP). However, after 75 DAP, the Chl content, PN, and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII of the old cultivars declined gradually, whereas those of the new cultivars remained relatively high. Compared to the old cultivars, leaves of the new cultivars endured a longer period and their senescence was slower, shoot and boll dry mass was higher, but the root to shoot ratio was lower. The lint yield of the 2000s cultivars was 14.7 and 21.4% higher than that of 1990s and 1980s cultivars, respectively. The high yield of the new cultivars was attributed to a greater number of bolls per unit of area with high lint percentage. We suggested that the improved photosynthetic capacity and the increased ability to deliver photosynthates to reproductive sites during the peak boll-setting stage to boll-opening stage were the key physiological basis in the evolution process of cotton cultivars from 1980s to 2000s for the cotton yield improvement within a short growing period., H. H. Luo, H. L. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, W. F. Zhang., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The epizootiology, transmission dynamics, and survival strategies employed by two mosquito-parasitic microsporidia that utilize copepods as intermediate hosts are examined in relation to the biological attributes of their hosts and the environments in which they inhabit. Amblyospora connecticus Andreadis, 1988, a parasite of Ochlerotatus cantator (Coquillett) and Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer) is found in an unstable salt marsh environment that is subject to periodic flooding and drying. Both hosts have distinct non-overlapping generations. A. connecticus exhibits a well-defined seasonal transmission cycle that relies heavily on maternal-mediated transovarial transmission by female O. cantator during the summer, and horizontal transmission via the copepod host during the spring (copepod to mosquito) and fall (mosquito to copepod). Its survival strategies include: delayed virulence, low pathogenicity and high tissue specificity that allow for transstadial transmission of horizontally acquired infections and maximum spore production, reliance on living hosts throughout most of its life cycle with overwintering in the copepod, polymorphic development that is well synchronized with host physiology, and production and dissemination of infectious spores that are coincident with the seasonal occurrence of susceptible stages in each host. Hyalinocysta chapmani Hazard et Oldacre, 1975, a parasite of Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) and Orthocyclops modestus (Herrick) is found in a comparatively stable, subterranean habitat that is inundated with water throughout the year. Copepods are omnipresent and C. melanura has overlapping broods. H. chapmani is maintained in a continuous cycle of horizontal transmission between each host throughout the summer and fall but lacks a developmental sequence leading to transovarial transmission in the mosquito host. It relies on living hosts for most of its life cycle and overwinters in diapausing mosquito larvae. Transstadial transmission does not occur and there is no dimorphic development in the mosquito host. The spatial and temporal overlap of both mosquito and copepod hosts during the summer and fall affords abundant opportunity for continuous horizontal transmission and increases the likelihood that H. chapmani will find a target host, thus negating the need for a transovarial route. It is hypothesized that natural selection has favoured the production of meiospores in larval female mosquitoes rather than congenital transfer of infection to progeny via ovarian infection as a strategy for achieving greater transmission success. and Analysis of the molecular phylogeny data suggest that (1) transovarial transmission and the developmental sequence leading to ovarian infection have been secondarily lost in H. chapmani, as they occur in all other closely related genera, (2) the ancestral state included complex life cycles involving transovarial transmission and an intermediate host, and (3) mosquito-parasitic microsporidia are adjusting their life cycles to accommodate host ecological conditions.
The article focuses on the debates among the East European intellectuals in the 1980's and 90's. Their discussions about Central Europe from the middle and second half of the 1980's is summed up and the shock caused by meeting the phenomena of flourishing nationalism and national-chauvinism in political processes following the fall of the Soviet Union is analyzed.
At the end of 2009 European Commission carried out an evaluation of success of growth projects realized under the 5th framework program, which ended between 2004 and 2008. Out of 726 audited projects 7 successful ones representing different industrial branches were chosen. Among them was a project NACODRY, which in the Czech Republic represents SHM as a dominant industrial partner., Evropská komise provedla koncem r. 2009 vyhodnocení úspěšnosti projektů 5. rámcového programu Growth, které byly ukončeny v období let 2004-2008. Ze 726 hodnocených projektů bylo vybráno 7 úspěšných, jež reprezentují různá odvětví průmyslu. Mezi vybranými byl i projekt NACODRY, který v České republice reprezentuje společnost SHM jako dominantní průmyslový partner., and Převzato z MM Průmyslové spektrum 3, 2010, str. 14 - 15
Evropa se nachází pod tlakem silné imigrace. Nejde přitom o nic nového, v pravěku docházelo k migracím poměrně často a lze říci, že z dnešního pohledu náš genofond spíše obohatily. Pro budoucí identitu příchozích je podstatné, jak se k nim budeme nyní chovat, protože identita se vytváří vždy v interakcích., Europe is under a relatively strong immigration pressure. However, this is nothing new; prehistoric migrations occurred quite often and we can retrospectively summarize they rather enriched our gene pool. Since the identity of immigrants is always created in interactions, it is essential how we treat these people right now., and Viktor Černý, Martin Hájek.
European Optical Society (EOS) is composed from 18 national societies (branches or affiliated societies) and individual members from more than 40 countries. Since several years, it plays important role in the organization of optics and photonics in Europe. The paper shortly overviews present activities of EOS with a focus to recent EOS Annual Topical Meeting. and Evropská optická společnost (EOS) je tvořena 18 národními společnostmi a jednotlivci z více než 40 zemí (celkem 6000 členů). V posledních letech hraje stále významnější roli v organizování optiky v Evropě. V příspěvku je krátce nastíněna její aktuální činnost v evropských aktivitách v optice a fotonice se zaměřením na právě skončenou konferenci EOS Annual Topical Meeting.