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31484. Variability in chromospherically active stars - at all time scales

Creator:
Hall, Douglas S.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
observations and chromospheric activity
Language:
Czech
Description:
Cliromospheric activity is found in ten types of stars, both single and binary. Variability at many time scales is reviewed, from minutes to centuries. The emphasis is on what is not understood, incorrecty understood, and understood but not appreciated. Observational results in hand include photometry, spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, speckle interferometry, magnetic flelds, and orbltal period variations. Certain physical mechanisms responsible for variability are discussed, making the distinction between the well-established, tlie suspected, and the posslble. Specific topics include flares, rotation, differential rotation, synchronization, circularization, starspots, spot models, migratlon periods, spot cycles, magnetic activity cycles, sector structure, Maunder minima, pulsation, light curve solutions, convective envelope changes, mass transfer, mass loss, and orbital period variations. Specific directions for future research are identified.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

31485. Variability in the stellar wind of 68 Cygni - not ‘shells‘ or ‘puffs‘, but streams

Creator:
Prinja, Raman K. and Howarth, Ian D.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
space research, stellar wind, and streams
Language:
Czech
Description:
Results are presented from a study of variability in the stellar wind of G8 Cygni [07.5 III((f))], based on 33 lUE high resolution spectra taken over ~ 7 days. Significant changes are evident in the Si IV resonance line profiles on timescales as short as ~ 1 hour, cliaracterised by broad absorption enhancements at relatively low velocity (0.5 to 0.7 of the terminal velocity, υ∞) which evolve into high velocity discrete absorption components (at > 0.8 over a period of ~ 1 day. The recurrence timescale for the appearance of the broad features is ~ 15-20 hours. Three well monitored consecutive sequenccs of progressive opacity enhancements are described. Their properties are parameterised and incorporated into a self-consistent phenomenological model where the opacity enhancements and ‘underlying’ wind sure radiatively coupled. The model results show that the absorption enhancements do not propagate from the photosphere in any simple way, and are not due to spherically symmetric phenomena. We conclude that the discrete absorption variability in G8 Cyg is not due to ‘shells’ or ‘puffs’ of matter, but instcaid arise from material passing through perturbations in the flow, which may be illustrated in terms of spirally wound-up streams.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

31486. Variability of Mammary Carcinogenesis Induction in Female Sprague-Dawley and Wistar:Han Rats: the Effect of Season and Age

Creator:
Kubatka, P., Eva Ahlersová, Ivan Ahlers, Bianka Bojková, Kalická, K., Eva Adámeková, Marková, M., Chamilová, M., and Čermáková, M.
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, studie, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie člověka, human physiology, Mammary carcinogenesis, Seasons, Critical periods, Rat strains, Susceptibility, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
It is important to determine and clarify the variability of mammary carcinogenesis induction in animal experimental studies particularly in connection with chemoprevention projects. The circannual seasonal rhythms of hormone levels or various parameters within the immune system may involve factors participating in mammary gland carcinogenesis. In our study, 19 experiments were conducted and all of them lasted for about 25 weeks after chemical carcinogen administration (DMBA or NMU) under standard laboratory conditions. Females of two rat strains - a medium susceptible Sprague-Dawley strain and a very low susceptible Wistar:Han were used. We observed not only the effect of seasonal changes but also the effect of age after single or repeated carcinogen administration. The seasonal dependence of mammary carcinogenesis with higher tumor incidence during long days in comparison with winter short days has been demonstrated in Sprague-Dawley rats. In experiments on the Wistar:Han strain, certain features of seasonal character were recorded, although the very low susceptibility of this strain to mammary carcinogenesis might have influenced the results. A limited period of carcinogen administration in early puberty around postnatal days 43-46 (higher susceptibility), when compared to the period after postnatal day 50, is the factor significantly increasing incidence and frequency of mammary carcinogenesis in the Sprague-Dawley strain. Our results indicate the need to consider the effect of season and age of animals at the time of carcinogen administration on rat mammary carcinogenesis induction. However, the application of the results obtained in one strain of experimental animals may only lead to misleading conclusions., P. Kubatka, E. Ahlersová, I. Ahlers, B. Bojková, K. Kalická, E. Adámeková, M. Marková, M. Chamilová, M. Čermáková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

31487. Variability of mitochondrial respiration in relation to sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction

Creator:
Kohoutová, M., Dejmek, J., Tůma, Z., and Kuncová, J.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
sepsis, mitochondria, oxygen consumption, multiple organ dysfunction, and animal models
Language:
English
Description:
Ample experimental evidence suggests that sepsis could interfere with any mitochondrial function; however, the true role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction is still a matter of controversy. This review is primarily focused on mitochondrial oxygen consumption in various animal models of sepsis in relation to human disease and potential sources of variability in experimental results documenting decrease, increase or no change in mitochondrial respiration in various organs and species. To date, at least three possible explanations of sepsis-associated dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory system and consequently impaired energy production have been suggested: 1. Mitochondrial dysfunction is secondary to tissue hypoxia. 2. Mitochondria are challenged by various toxins or mediators of inflammation that impair oxygen utilization (cytopathic hypoxia). 3. Compromised mitochondrial respiration could be an active measure of survival strategy resembling stunning or hibernation. To reveal the true role of mitochondria in sepsis, sources of variability of experimental results based on animal species, models of sepsis, organs studied, or analytical approaches should be identified and minimized by the use of appropriate experimental models resembling human sepsis, wider use of larger animal species in preclinical studies, more detailed mapping of interspecies differences and organ-specific features of oxygen utilization in addition to use of complex and standardized protocols evaluating mitochondrial respiration.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

31488. Variability of seasonal floods in the Upper Danube River basin

Creator:
Jeneiová, Katarína, Kohnová, Silvia, Hall, Julia, and Parajka, Juraj
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
seasonality, summer and winter floods, upper danube river basin, and comparative hydrology
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The objective of this study is to analyse the spatial variability of seasonal flood occurrences in the Upper Danube region for the period 1961-2010. The analysis focuses on the understanding of the factors that control the spatial variability of winter and summer floods in 88 basins with different physiographic conditions. The evaluation is based on circular statistics, which compare the changes in the mean date and in the seasonal flood concentration index within a year or predefined season. The results indicate that summer half-year and winter half-year floods are dominant in the Alps and northern Danube tributaries, respectively. A comparison of the relative magnitude of flood events indicates that summer half-year floods are on average more than 50% larger than floods in winter. The evaluation of flood occurrence showed that the values of seasonal flood concentration index (median 0.75) in comparison to the annual floods (median 0.58) shows higher temporal concentration of floods. The flood seasonality of winter events is dominant in the Alps; however, along the northern fringe (i.e. the Isar, Iller and Inn River) the timing of winter half-year floods is diverse. The seasonal concentration of summer floods tends to increase with increasing mean elevation of the basins. The occurrence of the three largest summer floods is more stable, i.e. they tend to occur around the same time for the majority of analysed basins. The results show that fixing the summer and winter seasons to specific months does not always allow a clear distinction of the main flood generation processes. Therefore, criteria to define flood typologies that are more robust are needed for regions such as the Upper Danube, with large climate and topographical variability between the lowland and high elevations, particularly for the assessment of the effect of increasing air temperature on snowmelt runoff and associated floods.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

31489. Variability of snow line elevation, snow cover area and depletion in the main Slovak basins in winters 2001-2014

Creator:
Krajčí, Pavel, Holko, Ladislav, and Parajka, Juraj
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
MODIS, snow line, snow cover, snow depletion curves, and Slovakia
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Spatial and temporal variability of snow line (SL) elevation, snow cover area (SCA) and depletion (SCD) in winters 2001-2014 is investigated in ten main Slovak river basins (the Western Carpathians). Daily satellite snow cover maps from MODIS Terra (MOD10A1, V005) and Aqua (MYD10A1, V005) with resolution 500 m are used. The results indicate three groups of basins with similar variability in the SL elevation. The first includes basins with maximum elevations above 1500 m a.s.l. (Poprad, Upper Váh, Hron, Hornád). Winter median SL is equal or close to minimum basin elevation in snow rich winters in these basins. Even in snow poor winters is SL close to the basin mean. Second group consists of mid-altitude basins with maximum elevation around 1000 m a.s.l. (Slaná, Ipeľ, Nitra, Bodrog). Median SL varies between 150 and 550 m a.s.l. in January and February, which represents approximately 40–80% snow coverage. Median SL is near the maximum basin elevation during the snow poor winters. This means that basins are in such winters snow free approximately 50% of days in January and February. The third group includes the Rudava/Myjava and Lower Váh/Danube. These basins have their maximum altitude less than 700 m a.s.l. and only a small part of these basins is covered with snow even during the snow rich winters. The evaluation of SCA shows that snow cover typically starts in December and last to February. In the highest basins (Poprad, Upper Váh), the snow season sometimes tends to start earlier (November) and lasts to March/April. The median of SCA is, however, less than 10% in these months. The median SCA of entire winter season is above 70% in the highest basins (Poprad, Upper Váh, Hron), ranges between 30-60% in the mid-altitude basins (Hornád, Slaná, Ipeľ, Nitra, Bodrog) and is less than 1% in the Myjava/Rudava and Lower Váh/Danube basins. However, there is a considerable variability in seasonal coverage between the years. Our results indicate that there is no significant trend in mean SCA in the period 2001-2014, but periods with larger and smaller SCA exist. Winters in the period 2002-2006 have noticeably larger mean SCA than those in the period 2007-2012. Snow depletion curves (SDC) do not have a simple evolution in most winters. The snowmelt tends to start between early February and the end of March. The snowmelt lasts between 8 and 15 days on average in lowland and high mountain basins, respectively. Interestingly, the variability in SDC between the winters is much larger than between the basins.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

31490. Variability of throughfall quantity in a mixed evergreen-deciduous broadleaved forest in central China

Creator:
Su, Lei , Xie, Zongqiang , Xu, Wenting , and Zhao, Changming
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
throughfall, spatial variability, temporal stability, mixed evergreen-deciduous broadleaved forest, and Shennongjia
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Mixed evergreen-deciduous broadleaved forest is the transitional type of evergreen broadleaved forest and deciduous broadleaved forest, and plays a unique eco-hydrologic role in terrestrial ecosystem. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of throughfall volume of the forest type in Shennongjia, central China. The results indicated that throughfall represented 84.8% of gross rainfall in the forest. The mean CV (coefficient of variation) of throughfall was 27.27%. Inter-event variability in stand-scale throughfall generation can be substantially altered due to changes in rainfall characteristics, throughfall CV decreased with increasing rainfall amount and intensity, and reached a quasi-constant level when rainfall amount reached 25 mm or rainfall intensity reached 2 mm h–1. During the leafed period, the spatial pattern of throughfall was highly temporal stable, which may result in spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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