The effects of NaCl treatment on the photosynthetic machinery in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance were investigated by comparison with iso-osmotic PEG treatment. Both cultivars similarly reduced the photosystem 2 (PS2) energy conversion efficiency (ΦPS2) rapidly when plants were exposed to a 100 mM NaCl solution, though no decline was detected under the iso-osmotic PEG treatment. There was no correlation between the reduction of the leaf relative water content (RWC) and the ΦPS2 in the two iso-osmotic stress treatments. In contrast, a decline of ΦPS2 along with the increase of the leaf sodium content above 4 % dry matter was detected under the NaCl treatment, while no such correlation was detected with other cations. The recovery of ΦPS2 after photoinhibitory irradiation was repressed by the NaCl treatment as the increase of the duration of the treatment. Norin 61 subjected to the 100 mM NaCl treatment for 10 d showed a decline of the ΦPS2 after 1 h moderate irradiation of 400 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD. Thus the concentrated Na+ within a leaf under salinity treatments may decrease the stability of PS2 functions and lead to photochemical inactivation. and S. Muranaka, K. Shimizu, M. Kato.
This paper deals with a bounded control design for a class of nonlinear systems where the mathematical model may be not explicitly given. This class of uncertain nonlinear systems governed by a system of ODE with quasi-Lipschitz right-hand side and containing external perturbations as well. The Attractive Ellipsoid Method (AEM) application permits to describe the class of nonlinear feedbacks (containing a nonlinear projection operator, a linear state estimator and a feedback matrix-gain) guaranteeing a boundedness of all possible trajectories around the origin. To fulfill this property some modification of AEM are introduced: basically, some sort of sample-time corrections of the feedback parameters are required. The optimization of feedback within this class of controllers is associated with the selection of the feedback parameters which provide the trajectory converges within an ellipsoid of a "minimal size". The effectiveness of the suggested approach is illustrated by its application to a flexible arm system).
A weak form of the Henstock Lemma for the PoU-integrable functions is given. This allows to prove the existence of a scalar Volterra derivative for the PoU-integral. Also the PoU-integrable functions are characterized by means of Pettis integrability and a condition involving finite pseudopartitions.
The classification scheme for micaceous minerals is described. According to the size of mineral particles micas are divided into macrocrystalline compounds and microcrystalline clay micas. Macroc rystalline micas are differentiated into (a) Mg-Fe-Al micas, (b) Li-micas, (c) micas with other cations. Vertical boundary in the suggested scheme divides micas into trioctahedral and dioctahedral members. Additional subdivision is carried out on the basis of the extent of Si substitution in tetrahedral positions of their crystal lattice. Microcrystalline (<4μm) micas are subordinate to the crystallochemical scheme for macrocrystalline micas. List of mica species together with their varieties and synonyms is in Table 2., Karel Melka., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
31 UV spectra obtained with tne LWR camera of the lUE satellite in the period 1978-83 were analysed. Changes of Mg II h and k emissions are evident but there is no evident correlation between emission intensity of Mg II and orbital or photometric phase. Using three various methods of analysis of possible periodicity in variation of Mg II h and k emission intensities we have found reál chanes in
h + k fluxes with period equal to the half of the orbital one, 0.5 Porb = 10.2606. We interpret this effect as evidence of direct influence of tidal inxeraction of secondary component on the chromospheric structure of the primary. Evident minimum of the Mg II h and k intensity is observed when the tides are on the line of sight and maximum when both tidal bulges are visible. Difference between maximum and minimum of total flux of k line is equal to about 20%, while the shape of the profile is practically unchanged.
In this paper, we introduce a new linear programming second-order stochastic dominance (SSD) portfolio efficiency test for portfolios with scenario approach for distribution of outcomes and a new SSD portfolio inefficiency measure. The test utilizes the relationship between CVaR and dual second-order stochastic dominance, and contrary to tests in Post \cite{Post} and Kuosmanen \cite{Kuosmanen}, our test detects a dominating portfolio which is SSD efficient. We derive also a necessary condition for SSD efficiency using convexity property of CVaR to speed up the computation. The efficiency measure represents a distance between the tested portfolio and its least risky dominating SSD efficient portfolio. We show that this measure is consistent with the second-order stochastic dominance relation. We find out that this measure is convex and we use this result to describe the set of SSD efficient portfolios. Finally, we illustrate our results on a numerical example.
This paper presents a segmentation technique to handwritten word recognition. This technique implements an algorithm based on an analytical approach. It uses a letter sweeping procedure with a step equal to the Euclidean distance between an established reference index and the entity (the alphabet letter). Then a dissociation of this entity is achieved when this distance will reach a rate of 80%. Our experience about this segmentation technique gives a rate of 81.05% of recognition. A neural multi-layer perceptron classifier confirms the extracted segment. This procedure is successively repeated from the beginning until the end of the word. A concatenation technique is finally used to the word reconstitution.
This work presents a Self Organizing Map (SOM) based queue management approach against congestion in autonomous Internet Protocol (IP) networks. The new queue management approach is proposed with consideration to the pros and cons of two well-known queue management algorithms: Random Early Detection (RED) and Drop Tail (DT). At the beginning of this study, RED and DT are compared by observing their effects on two important indicators of congestion: end-to-end delay and delay variation. This comparison reveals that the performances of RED and DT vary according to the level of global congestion: under low congestion conditions, when packet losses caused by congestion are unlikely, DT outperforms RED; while under high congestion, RED is superior to DT. The SOM based approach takes into account the variations in the global congestion levels and makes decisions to optimise congestion avoidance. A centralized observation unit is designed for monitoring global congestion levels in autonomous IP networks. A traffic flow is generated between each router and the observation unit so as to follow the changes in the global congestion level. For this purpose, IP routers are specialized to send packets carrying queue length information to the observation unit. A SOM based decision mechanism is used by the observation unit, to make predictions on the future congestion behavior of the network and inform the routers. Routers use this information to update their congestion avoidance behavior, as their ability to update their RED parameters is enhanced by the congestion notifications sent by the observation unit. In this work, multiple simulations are undertaken in order to test the performance of the proposed SOM-based method. A considerable improvement is observed from the point of view of end-to-end delays and delay variations, by comparison with DT and RED as used in recent IP networks.
A binocular model for the prenatal development of the visual nervous
systém is proposed. The model is able to reproduce some properties observed in mammals at the moment of birth such as retinotopy, oriented receptive fields, and ocular dominance. One of the outstanding features of the model architecture is the existence of dendrodendritic interaction within each layer. The spontaneous activity of the neurons of the input layer is modeled by spatially and temporally decorrelated activity. The evolution of a connection depends on the output activity of both connected neurons. Hebbian learning has been used for the afferent excitatory connections and anti-Hebbian learning for the lateral inhibitory connections. The model is reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations obtained from a statistical treatment of the dynamics that avoids its explicit dependence on the spontaneous activity.