V minulém roce jsme přinesli výňatek z pamětí brněnského fyzika Vladimíra Nováka. Nyní využíváme příležitosti ukázat v bloku textů věnovaných mikroskopům a mikroskopii pedagogické mistrovství Vladimíra Nováka a jeho učitele Čeňka Strouhala úryvkem z kapitoly o optických přístrojích, kterou Novák zpracoval podle Strouhalových a vlastních přednášek a novější literatury., Čeněk (Vincenc) Strouhal, Vladimír Novák. (V úvodu medailonky obou autorů.), and [Optika. Jednota českých mathematiků a fysiků, Praha 1919, s. 266-278]
The organo-mineral coatings of soil aggregates, cracks, and biopores control sorption and macropore-matrix exchange during preferential flow, in particular in the clay-illuvial Bt-horizon of Luvisols. The soil organic matter (SOM) composition has been hypothesized to explain temporal changes in the hydraulic properties of aggregate surfaces. The objective of this research was to find relations between the temporal change in wettability, in terms of droplet infiltration dynamics, and the SOM composition of coated and uncoated aggregate surfaces. We used 20 to 40 mm sized soil aggregates from the Bt2 horizon of a Haplic Luvisol from loess that were (i) coated, (ii) not coated (both intact), and (iii) aggregates from which coatings were removed (cut). The SOM composition of the aggregate surfaces was characterized by infrared spectroscopy in the diffuse reflection mode (DRIFT). A potential wettability index (PWI) was calculated from the ratio of hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups in SOM. The water drop penetration times (WDPT) and contact angles (CA) during droplet infiltration experiments were determined on dry and moist aggregate samples of the three types. The decrease in the CA with time was described using the power function (CA(t) = at–b). For dry aggregates, the WDPT values were larger for coated as compared to uncoated regions on the aggregate surfaces, and increased with increasing PWI value (R2 = 0.75). The a parameter was significantly related to the WDPT (R2 = 0.84) and to the PWI (R2 = 0.64). The relations between the b parameter and the WDPT (R2 = 0.61) and the PWI (R2 = 0.53) were also significant. The WDPT values of wet soil aggregates were higher than those of dry aggregates due to high water contents, which limited the droplet infiltration potential. At the wet aggregate surfaces, the WDPT values increased with the PWI of the SOM (R2 = 0.64). In contrast to dry samples, no significant relationships were found between parameters a or b of CA(t) and WDPT or PWI for wet aggregate surfaces. The results suggest that the effect of the SOM composition of coatings on surface wettability decreases with increasing soil moisture. In addition to the dominant impact of SOM, the wettability of aggregate surfaces could be affected by different mineralogical compositions of clay in coatings and interiors of aggregates. Particularly, wettability of coatings could be decreased by illite which was the dominant clay type in coatings. However, the influence of different clay mineral fractions on surface wettability was not due to small number of measurements (2 and 1 samples from coatings and interiors, respectively) quantified.
Drought was induced in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes (ChK 3226 and ILC 3279) differing in yield capacity. Water stress (S1, RWC around 55-50%; S2, RWC ≤ 40%) drastically reduced stomatal conductance (g s) and net photosynthetic rate (PN) in both genotypes. ILC 3279 showed greater photosynthetic capacity
(Amax) decreases. Maximum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), total chlorophylls (Chls) and carotenoids (Cars) content showed stability in both genotypes under stress, but in S2 ILC 3279 presented an increase in basal fluorescence (F0) and a greater reduction in estimation of quantum yield of linear electron transport (Φe) than ChK 3226. Membrane damage evaluated by electrolyte leakage occurred earlier and was greater in ILC 3279. It also presented a decrease of total fatty acids (TFA) along drought, while in ChK 3226 greater amounts of TFA were observed in S1. In rehydration, PN of S1 plants completely recovered (ILC 3279) or remained slightly below control (ChK 3226). As regards S2 plants, ILC 3279 showed stronger PN and gs reductions than ChK 3226, despite both genotypes totally recovered Amax and chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence. ChK 3226 recovered more efficiently from membrane damage. Under control conditions, greater amounts of most of the studied soluble metabolites occurred in ChK 3226 plants. Malate and citrate decreased with water stress (S2) in both genotypes. Sucrose and pinitol (that had a higher concentration than sucrose in both genotypes) increased in ILC 3279 (S1 and S2), and decreased in ChK 3226 (S2). In ILC 3279 proline and asparagine followed similar patterns. Genotypes showed a similar shoot dry mass (DM) in control plants, but root DM was higher in ChK 3226. Drought reduced root and shoot DM in ChK 3226 already under S1, while in ILC 3279 root DM was unaffected by drought and shoot biomass decreased only in S2. Root/shoot ratio was always higher in ChK 3226 but tended to decrease under stress, while the opposite was observed in ILC 3279. No pods were obtained from control plants of both genotypes, or droughted ILC 3279 plants. ChK 3226 produced pods under S1 (higher yield) and S2. Under stress conditions, ChK 3226 was less affected in photosynthetic activity and membrane integrity, showing a better tolerance to drought. This agrees with the better yield of this genotype under water stress. Distinct strategies seem to underlie the different physiological responses of the two genotypes to water deficit. In spite of its significant solutes accumulation, ILC 3279 was more affected in photosynthetic activity and membrane integrity during water stress than ChK 3226, which showed better yield, under drought. A relation could not be established between solutes accumulation of ILC 3279 and yield., and M. C. Matos ... [et al.].
The effects of drought on thylakoid acyl lipid composition, photosynthetic capacity (P max), and electrolyte lekage were evaluated in two-months-old peanut cultivars (57-422, 73-30, GC 8-35) growing in a glasshouse. For lipid studies, plants were submitted to three treatments by withholding irrigation: control (C), mild water stress (S1), and severe water stress (S2). Concerning membrane and photosynthetic capacity stability, drought was imposed by polyethylene glycol (PEG 600). In the cv. 73-30 a sharp decrease in the content of thylakoid acyl lipids was observed, already under S1 conditions, whereas cv. 57-422 was strongly affected only under S2. Cv. GC 8-35 had the lowest content of acyl lipids under control conditions, a significant increase under S1 conditions, and only under S2 a decrease occurred. Thus concerning lipid stability, cv. 73-30 was the most sensitive. Among lipid classes, phospholipids and galactolipids were similarly affected, as was MGDG relatively to DGDG. Water deficit imposed by PEG induced a higher increase in electrolyte leakage in cv. 73-30 than in the other cvs. A positive relationship between acyl lipid concentration and membrane integrity was found in all studied cvs. A positive association between acyl lipid concentration, membrane integrity, and P max was found in the cvs. 57-422 and 73-30. and J. A. Lauriano ... [et al.].
Phlomis fruticosa is one of the main species of post-fire Mediterranean communities, occupying areas with post-fire grazing or altered precipitation pattern and consequently water stress imposed on seedlings of co-occurring species. Seedlings of woody perennials often differ from their mature individuals regarding their resistance of photosynthetic performance to environmental stresses. Such differences have been reported for tree species but there is a lack of information regarding shrub species. In the present study, we tried to detect changes in (PSII) activity imposed by water stress in P. fruticosa seedlings as well as its capability for recovery after rehydration. Maximum PSII photochemical efficiency decreased only under severe water stress exactly as in mature plants in the field. However, leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content was almost stable regardless of leaf relative water content (RWC). We assume that the photoprotective chlorophyll loss process, reported for many mature Mediterranean species (including P. fruticosa), has not yet been developed at the seedling stage. On the other hand, photoprotection through an increase of the relative amount of non-QB-reducing centers was found during dehydration. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) contributed to protection from photodamage until moderate water stress but was significantly suppressed under severe water stress. Both processes were reversed after rehydration. The above characteristics enabled seedlings not only to survive during aggravating drought but also to maintain a considerable part of their effective quantum yield and perform significant electron transport even at extremely low relative water content (RWC). This was confirmed with measurements in a semi-natural environment (pots) and under real steady state conditions regarding adaptation of the photosynthetic machinery to prevailing light intensities. and A. Petsas, G. Grammatikopoulos.
Global warming will likely exacerbate the negative effects of limited water availability in the Mediterranean area. The Italian Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) provenances are distributed along the coasts except Otricoli provenance growing in an unusual location between 300 and 1,000 m a. s. l., in Umbria (central Italy). The aim of the present study was to investigate the photosynthetic response to a 28-day-long drought and to a subsequent reestablishment of water availability in Otricoli and North Euboea (Greece) provenances, representing different locations along a rainfall gradient in the natural range of this species. Six-month-old seedlings were used in this experiment since at this age Aleppo pine plants in Mediterranean climate face their first water stress potentially affecting plant survival. Water potential (ψw), net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased during drought in both provenances and showed minimal values 28 days after beginning the treatment (DAT). Otricoli seedlings adjusted ψw gradually as the stress level increased and 21 DAT showed a lower ψw than North Euboea. In contrast, in North Euboea seedlings ψw that was not affected until 21 DAT rapidly dropped to a minimum of -3.81 MPa 28 DAT. At the onset of the stress the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was reduced, and the "instrinsic" water-use efficiency (WUEi) was enhanced in both provenances, as stomatal conductance decreased more rapidly than photosynthesis. However, 28 DAT, Ci increased and WUEi decreased as stomatal conductance and photosynthesis declined to minimum levels, revealing nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis. A rapid decrease in PSII maximal photochemical efficiency estimated by chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was also observed when the stress became severe. At the final stage of water stress, North Euboea seedlings maintained significantly higher values of Fv/Fm than Otricoli seedlings. Upon rewatering, photosynthesis did not fully recover in Otricoli seedlings (41 DAT), while all other parameters recovered to control levels in both provenances. No drought-induced physiological differences were consistent with the regional climatic features of these two provenances. Our results suggest that phenotypic plasticity in drought response may help Otricoli provenance cope with global warming, but that recurrent drought episode may slow down the primary productivity of this provenance. and M. Michelozzi ... [et al.].
The influence of drought stress (DS) upon whole-plant water content, water relations, photosynthesis, and water-use efficiency of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cv. Leprechaun (Hibiscus) plants at three levels of potassium (K) nutritional status were determined after a 21-d gradually imposed DS treatment. Compared to K-deficient plants, adequate K supply improved the leaf water content (LWC) and leaf water relations of Hibiscus by decreasing the Ψ π, and generally sustained rates of net photosynthesis (PN) and transpiration (E), and stomatal conductance (gs), both in DS and non-DS plants. In K-deficient Hibiscus, LWC, turgor potential (Ψ P), and PN, E, and gs as well as instantaneous water-use efficiency, WUE (PN/E) were consistently lower, compared to K-sufficient plants. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) was lower (i.e. longterm WUE was greatest) in DS than non-DS plants, but K had no effect on Δ during the 21-d drought treatment period under glasshouse conditions. However, the trend in the Δ value of DS plants suggests that Δ could be a useful index of the response of Hibiscus to DS under glasshouse growing conditions. Thus the incorporation of a properly controlled fertilization regime involving sufficient levels of K can improve the acclimation of PN to low Ψleaf, increase PN/E of Hibiscus, and may have potential benefit for other woody plants species. and J. N. Egilla, F. T. Davies Jr., T. W. Boutton.
We investigated the strategies of four co-occurring evergreen woody species Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera, Pinus halepensis, and Juniperus phoenicea to cope with Mediterranean field conditions. For that purpose, stem water potential, gas exchange, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, and Chl and carotenoid (Car) contents were examined. We recognized two stress periods along the year, winter with low precipitation and low temperatures that led to chronic photoinhibition, and summer, when drought coincided with high radiation, leading to an increase of dynamic photoinhibition and a decrease of pigment content. Summer photoprotection was related to non-photochemical energy dissipation, electron flow to alternative sinks other than photosynthesis, decrease of Chl content, and proportional increase of Car content. Water potential of trees with deep vertical roots (Q. coccifera, Q. ilex, and P. halepensis) mainly depended on precipitation, whereas water potential of trees with shallow roots (J. phoenicea) depended not only on precipitation but also on ambient temperature. and F. J. Baquedano, F. J. Castillo.
In this review we summarize several synthetic approaches to the advanced synthesis of star-like polymer-based drug carriers. Moreover, their application as nanomedicines for therapy or the diagnosis of neoplastic diseases and their biodistribution are reviewed in detail. From a broad spectrum of star-like systems, we focus only on fully water-soluble systems, mainly based on poly(ethylene glycol) or N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide polymer and copolymer arms and polyamidoamine dendrimers serving as the core of the star-like systems., L. Kotrchová, L. Kostka, T. Etrych., and Obsahuje bibliografii