Gravity-driven open-channel flows carrying coarse sediment over an erodible granular deposit are studied. Results of laboratory experiments with artificial sediments in a rectangular tilting flume are described and analyzed. Besides integral quantities such as flow rate of mixture, transport concentration of sediment and hydraulic gradient, the experiments include measurements of the one-dimensional velocity distribution across the flow. A vertical profile of the longitudinal component of local velocity is measured across the vertical axis of symmetry of a flume cross section using three independent measuring methods. Due to strong flow stratification, the velocity profile covers regions of very different local concentrations of sediment from virtually zero concentration to the maximum concentration of bed packing. The layered character of the flow results in a velocity distribution which tends to be different in the transport layer above the bed and in the sediment-free region between the top of the transport layer and the water surface. Velocity profiles and integral flow quantities are analyzed with the aim of evaluating the layered structure of the flow and identifying interfaces in the flow with a developed transport layer above the upper plane bed.
Oil and gas are the main reserves in the fractures of rocks. Under different pressure conditions, fracture permeability of reservoir rock directly affects the flow of oil and gas, which is an important object of oil and gas exploration and development. The permeability of single fractured rock and double fractured rock under different pressure conditions was studied by using high-precision hydro-mechanics coupled triaxial experimental equipment. The experimental scheme is as follows: (i) permeability test under increasing confining pressure, (ii) permeability test under increasing liquid pressure, (iii) permeability test under cyclic loading and unloading deviatoric stress and (iv) permeability test under synchronously increasing confining pressure and deviatoric stress. Results show that the entire change of permeability is irreversibly reduced. This is due to the presence of residual factors in permeability after the dilation cycle and the recompaction cycle ends. On the basis of the dual medium model of fracture, the permeability model of fractured rock is proposed considering the interaction among fracture system, matrix system and expansion deformation of fracture under external stress. The simulation results of the model are in good agreement with the experimental results. These results can provide an important basis for the prediction of permeability of fractured rock and efficient oil and gas exploitation.
The paper presents selected experimental results for three-way exhaust gases catalytic reactor. Particular attention is paid to the difference in exhaust gases temperature measured at the catalyst inflow and outflow and the conversion of exhaust gases basic components. The energy balance proposed for gthe reactor takes into account the calculations of the effects of thermal reactions taking place in it. It is indicated that difference in temperatures of exhaust gases flowing through catalyst could be applied as a diagnostic signal.
Snow accumulation and melt are highly variable. Therefore, correct modeling of spatial variability of the snowmelt, timing and magnitude of catchment runoff still represents a challenge in mountain catchments for flood forecasting. The article presents the setup and results of detailed field measurements of snow related characteristics in a mountain microcatchment (area 59 000 m2 , mean altitude 1509 m a. s. l.) in the Western Tatra Mountains, Slovakia obtained in winter 2015. Snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements at 27 points documented a very large spatial variability through the entire winter. For instance, range of the SWE values exceeded 500 mm at the end of the accumulation period (March 2015). Simple snow lysimeters indicated that variability of snowmelt and discharge measured at the catchment outlet corresponded well with the rise of air temperature above 0°C. Temperature measurements at soil surface were used to identify the snow cover duration at particular points. Snow melt duration was related to spatial distribution of snow cover and spatial patterns of snow radiation. Obtained data together with standard climatic data (precipitation and air temperature) were used to calibrate and validate the spatially distributed hydrological model MIKE-SHE. The spatial redistribution of input precipitation seems to be important for modeling even on such a small scale. Acceptable simulation of snow water equivalents and snow duration does not guarantee correct simulation of peakflow at shorttime (hourly) scale required for example in flood forecasting. Temporal variability of the stream discharge during the snowmelt period was simulated correctly, but the simulated discharge was overestimated.
Acute lung injury in the preterm newborns can originate from prematurity of the lung and insufficient synthesis of pulmonary surfactant. This situation is known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In the term neonates, the respiratory insufficiency is related to a secondary inactivation of the pulmonary surfactant, for instance, by action of endotoxins in bacterial pneumonia or by effects of aspirated meconium. The use of experimental models of the mentioned situations provides new information on the pathophy siology of these disorders and offers unique possibility to test novel therapeutic approaches in the conditions which are very similar to the clinical syndromes. Herewith we review the advantages and limitations of the use of experimental models of RDS and meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and their value for clinics., D. Mokra, A. Calkovska., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The first experimental model of atherosclerosis (in rabbits) is more than hundred years old. Several animal species have bee n used to produce hyperlipoproteine mia and possible atherosclerosis. The gene manipulation produced the most used models recently. This review acknowledges the extensive study of atherosclerotic changes in experimental models of hyperlipoprotein emia and at herosclerosis to come to light thus far and the purpose here is not only to summariz e the published data but also to try to add some details of our experience in using these models. In addition to rabbit (the old but also improved model by reno-vascular hy pertension) dog, birds, pig, hamster, mice, rat and non-human primate’s animal models are described. The gene manipulation produced the most used models two decades ago. Germline genetically engineered (without apoE or LDL receptor genes) animals have beco me the most used models producing atherosclerotic changes in the aorta. Recent new models also producing atherosclerotic changes but without germline genetic manipulation are also described., R. Poledne, L. Jurčíková-Novotná., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This paper deals with experimental simulation of mechanical properties of transtibial prosthesis. Artificial limb allows patient standing and moving without of using others supporting devices. Therefore, patient returns back to common and active life. Design and prosthesis properties decide about comfort, safeness and reliability of prosthesis. The article summarizes a conclusion of preliminary experiment, which was performed to measurement procedure of prosthesis strain (for real loading of straight walking, downhill walking and downstairs walking) and data processing. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Chaos can be defined on bounded-state behaviour that is not equilibrium solution or a periodic solution or a quasiperiodic solution. The article is focused on analysis of dynamic properties of controlled drive systems and also on bifurcation of steady states and possible occurrence of chaotic behaviour. The purpose of this article is to provide an elementary introduction to the subject of chaos in the electromechanical drive systems. In this article, we explore chaotic solutions of maps and continuous time systems. The attractor associated with chaotic motion in state space is not a simple geometrical object like a finite number of points, a closed curve or a torus. Chaotic attractor is complex geometrical object that posses fractal dimensions. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article deals with design of the experimental rig with hydromechanical system and enegy regeneration. Suggested rig is also scaled model of the heavy vehicle hydrostatic drive. The energy regeneration circuit is connected in the series with the hydraulic circuit of the drive. The test rig enables verification of mathematical model of the heavy vehicle drive and optimization of the operational parameters of the drive to achieve high efficiency of regeneration. Such procedures will be extremely difficult to perform directly on the vehicle. and Obsahuje seznam literatury