Znalost hormonální závislosti karcinomu prostaty a možnosti jejího ovlivnění byly popsány již ve 40. letech minulého století. Kastraci chirurgickou u velké části nemocných nahrazuje kastrace medikamentózní pomocí LHRH agonistů. K omezení kolísání hladin testosteronu během podávání LHRH (miniflare up fenomen), a tím působení nekastračních hladin testosteronu v průběhu léčby na androgenní receptor, je výhodnější podávání LHRH antagonistů. Přes dobrou a často dlouhodobou odpověď vůči hormonální léčbě dochází k selhání léčebného účinku. Iniciálně podávanou monoterapii lze rozšířit na maximální androgenní blokádu, a tím k prolongování účinku hormonální léčby. Přesto zhoubný nádor nabývá odlišné růstové charakteristiky a mění zásadně prognózu onemocnění, stává se kastračně refrakterním (CRPC), tedy progredujícím při kastračních hladinách testosteronu. Začátkem tisíciletí byla standardizována I. linie léčby kastračně refrakterního karcinomu prostaty. Podání docetaxelu s prednisonem bylo první terapií, která vedla k prodloužení přežití u pacientů s CRPC. Nově registrované léčivé přípravky jsou v efektivitě a výskytu nežádoucích účinků srovnávány s tímto režimem. Postupně se objevují režimy s imunoterapií, nová cytotoxická látka kabazitaxel a především nové hormonální přípravky abirateron a enzalutamid. V klinickém zkoušení je však řada dalších přípravků aplikovaných samostatně nebo v kombinaci se standardní léčbou. U již schválených přípravků by nám měly probíhající studie odpovědět na otázky optimální doby použití a sekvence léčby. Nedílnou součástí léčby mCRPC je podání látek modulujících kostní metabolizmus., The knowledge of hormone dependence of prostate cancer and the possibilities of interfering with it were described as early as the 1940s. In a large proportion of patients, surgical castration is replaced by medical castration by means of LHRH agonists. In order to reduce testosterone level fluctuations during LHRH administration (mini flare-up phenomenon) and, thus, the action of non-castrate testosterone levels during treatment on the androgen receptor, administration of LHRH antagonists is more convenient. Despite a good and often long-term response to hormonal therapy, failure of the treatment modality occurs. The monotherapy administered initially can be extended to maximum androgen blockade and, thus, to prolongation of the effect of hormonal therapy. Nevertheless, a malignant tumour acquires different growth characteristics, fundamentally altering the disease prognosis and becoming castration-resistant (CRPC), i.e. progressive with castrate testosterone levels. In the early millennium, first-line therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer was standardized. Administration of docetaxel with prednisone was the first treatment to have resulted in prolonged survival in patients with CRPC. Newly registered medicinal products are compared with this regimen in terms of efficacy and the rates of adverse effects. Regimens with immunotherapy, a novel cytotoxic drug cabazitaxel, and, in particular, the new hormonal products abiraterone and enzalutamide are gradually emerging. A large number of agents alone or in combination with standard therapy are being investigated in clinical trials. In the case of drugs that have already been approved, ongoing trials should address issues concerning the optimal duration of use and the sequence of treatment. Administration of bone-metabolism modulating agents is an integral part of the treatment for mCRPC., Michaela Matoušková, Miroslav Hanuš, and Literatura
The influence of host intrapatch spatial distribution on parasitoid host acceptance behavior was investigated with Trichogramma principium parasitizing eggs of grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella. Single females were placed in Petri dishes, each containing 60 host eggs arranged either as a compact patch or partitioned into 60 or 12 clusters each consisting of 1 or 5 eggs, respectively. Partitioned patches provoked parasitization more often than compact patches. The percentage of ovipositing females (i.e., females parasitizing at least one of 60 host eggs) increased with the number of clusters, while it was independent of the intercluster distance over intervals of 2.5-15 mm. The mean number of eggs parasitized by ovipositing females during 48 h was almost independent of the host egg spatial pattern. As a result, the rate of parasitization was higher when the hosts were sparsely distributed within a patch than when they were aggregated., Nataliya D. Voinovich, Taisiya Ya. Umarova, Sergey Ya. Reznik, and Lit
We investigated the effects of genetic differences and host plant density on population development of the rose-grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) in winter wheat stands. Aphid numbers on ears were recorded on 11 cultivars (6 years) and on plots where crop density was varied by thinning (12 years). Crop density significantly affected whole plant, tiller and ear mass, number of tillers, and leaf area and chlorophyll content. The duration and rate of aphid population growth, and the maximum numbers of aphids were ascertained by weekly counts. Maximum abundances increased with the length of time available for the growth of aphid populations while the rate of population growth was less important. Variation of maximum numbers of S. avenae on different cultivars was not significant, probably due to the small variation in the period available for the development of aphid populations. By contrast, there was a significant Variation of aphid performance associated with host plant density. Aphid populations on solitary plants persisted longer and became more abundant than in dense stands. The prolonged survival of aphid populations was probably caused by an extended period of tillering and lower average age of tillers of solitary plants. There was large annual variation in aphid abundance. It is likely that modifications of host plant development caused by differences in winter weather may contribute to this variation., Alois Honěk, Zdenka Martinková, and Lit
The risk of high-grade lesions and carcinoma is known to correlate with specific high-risk HPV genotypes. The distribution of HPV types varies between countries and little is known about HPV distribution in our country. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the range and frequency of HPV genotypes in studied group of women in Montenegro. HPV genotypes were determined using the method of enzyme restriction of PCR products amplified with group-specific primers MY09/MY11 and restricted with seven different restriction endonucleases. Out of the total number of women HPV infection was found in 1/5 of participants (20%). Genotyping performed in HPV DNA positive women shows that the HPV genotype 16 is dominant and present in more than 1/3 of the participants (36.8%). The second most frequent HPV infection is with HPV genotype 58 and it is found in 10.5% of participants. HPV 31 and HPV 6 infections are present in 7.9% of women, while infections with other genotypes were demonstrated individually by 2.6%. Multiple HPV infection was demonstrated in 18.4% and they are dominant in younger women (aged 25 to 30 years)., Danijela Vujošević, Vineta Vuksanović, Mario Poljak, Nebojša Jokmanović, and Literatura 21
AIMS: Our aims were to isolate and cultivate mesenchymal dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) in various media enriched with human blood components, and subsequently to investigate their basic biological properties. METHODS: DPSC were cultivated in five different media based on α MEM containing different concentrations of human plasma (HP), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), or fetal calf serum (FCS). The DPSC biological properties were examined periodically. RESULTS: We cultivated DPSC in the various cultivation media over 15 population doublings except for the medium supplemented with 10% HP. Our results showed that DPSC cultivated in medium supplemented with 10% PRP showed the shortest average population doubling time (DT) (28.6 ± 4.6 hours), in contrast to DPSC cultivated in 10% HP which indicated the longest DT (156.2 ± 17.8 hours); hence this part of the experiment had been cancelled in the 6th passage. DPSC cultivated in media with 2% FCS+ITS (DT 47.3 ± 10.4 hours), 2% PRP (DT 40.1 ± 5.7 hours) and 2% HP (DT 49.0 ± 15.2 hours) showed almost the same proliferative activity. DPSC's viability in the 9th passage was over 90% except for the DPSC cultivated in the 10% HP media. CONCLUSIONS: We proved that human blood components are suitable substitution for FCS in cultivation media for long-term DPSC cultivation. and T. Suchánková Kleplová, T. Soukup, V. Řeháček, J. Suchánek
A. schneideri and A. grossulariae clones from southern Poland produced fertile hybrid eggs under experimental conditions. Established hybrid clones expressed normal parthenogenetic reproduction but bisexual generations were not obtained, though a few sexuales developed in some cases. Morphological features of A. schneideri and host-specificity of A. grossulariae tended to dominate in the majority of hybrid clones. Independent inheritance of the studied morphological characters and host specificity can therefore be presumed.
Present results do not exclude the possibility of natural hybridisation of studied aphid species. Natural crosses might cause taxonomic and currant pest management problems., Rimantas Rakauskas, and Lit
Autorky v přehledovém článku uvádějí základní informace o nezbytnosti dodržování metodického návodu "Hygiena rukou při poskytování zdravotní péče". V historickém přehledu jsou uvedeny nejdůležitější mezníky vývoje odborných doporučení, která se týkají výše uvedené problematiky. Na základní informace o mikroflóře rukou navazuje přehled doporučených a nejčastěji používaných antiseptik k hygieně rukou. Podrobněji je dokumentována současně platná legislativa České republiky, která se týká této problematiky. Závěrem je upozorněno na možná zdravotní poškození kůže rukou v souvislosti s používáním uvedených antiseptik. Tento faktor je uváděn jako jeden z mnohých, které se mohou uplatňovat na nízké "compliance" při praktickém provádění hygieny rukou při poskytování zdravotní péče., The authors of the review article give basic information about the necessity of compliance with policy guidance "Hand hygiene in health care". A historical summary describes the most important landmarks in the development of specialized recommendations related to the above issue. Having provided the basic information about the hand microflora we continue with an overview of recommended and the most widely spread antiseptics used for hand hygiene. Furthermore, we describe current legislation of the Czech Republic concerning the present problem in detail. In conclusion, attention is drawn to the possible health impairment to hand skin related to the use of the listed antiseptics. This factor is specified as one of the many that may participate in the low compliance of practising hand hygiene in health care., Eva Sedlatá Jurásková, Ivanka Matoušková, and Literatura