Beiyun River Basin is holistically suffering a water shortage and relatively concentrated flood risk. The current operation (level-control) of dams and floodgates, which is in passive defense mode, cannot meet the demands of both flood control and storm water resources. An integrated flood forecasting and management system is developed by the connecting of the hydrological model and hydrodynamic model and coupling of the hydrodynamic model and hydraulic model for dams and floodgates. Based upon the forecasted runoff processes, a discharge-control operation mode of dams and floodgates is proposed to be utilized in order to well regulate the flood routing in channels. The simulated water level, discharge, and water storage volume under different design conditions of rainfall return periods and floodgates operation modes are compared. The results show that: (1) for small floods, current operation modes can satisfy the objectives, but discharge-control operation can do better; (2) for medium size floods, since pre-storing of the floods affects the discharge of follow-up floods by floodgates, the requirement of flood control cannot be satisfied under current operations, but the discharge-control operation can; (3) for large floods, neither operation can meet the requirement because of the limited storage of these dams. Then, the gravel pits, wetlands, ecological lakes and flood detention basins around the river must be used for excess flood waters. Using the flood forecasting and management system can change passive defense to active defense mode, solving the water resources problem of Beijing city and Beiyun River Basin to a certain extent.
Searle’s theory of institutions is based on the insight that institutional facts are created in intentionality, and it consists in the logical analysis of the intentional performance in which the institutional facts are created. The aim of this paper is to relate Searle’s account of intentionality as creating institutional facts to his general account of intentionality elaborated in his book Intentionality. An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind. I come with the claim that the imposition of status function, that characterizes the intentional performance in which institutional facts are created, consists in double prescription of conditions of satisfaction, where ones of them are related to our goals and interests while the other ones are independent of them. I suggest that this holds true for intentionality in general., Searleova teorie institucí je založena na pochopení, že institucionální fakta jsou vytvářena v záměrnosti, a spočívá v logické analýze záměrného výkonu, ve kterém jsou institucionální fakta vytvořena. Cílem příspěvku je spojit Searlovu zprávu o záměrnosti jako vytvoření institucionálních faktů s jeho obecným popisem záměrnosti zpracované v jeho knize Úmyslnost. Esej ve filozofii mysli. Přicházím s tvrzením, že uložení statusové funkce, která charakterizuje záměrné výkony, ve kterých jsou vytvořeny institucionální skutečnosti, spočívá ve dvojím předepisování podmínek spokojenosti, kdy ty z nich souvisí s našimi cíli a zájmy, zatímco ostatní jsou nezávislé z nich. Navrhuji, aby to obecně platilo pro záměrnost., and Pavla Toráčová
Something is wrong with akrasia, means-end incoherence, and intention
inconsistency. This observation has led many philosophers to postulate ''wide-scope'' requirements against these combinations of attitudes. But other philosophers have argued that this is unwarranted. They claim that we can explain what is wrong with these combinations of attitudes by appealing only to plausible independent claims about reasons for particular beliefs and intentions. In this paper, I argue that these philosophers may well be right about akrasia but that they are wrong about means-end incoherence and intention inconsistency. While it is plausibly impossible to be akratic while having no specific attitude (or lack of an attitude) that you should not have, it is possible to be means-end incoherent or to have inconsistent intentions while having no specific attitude you should not have. There is thus a strong motivation for accepting wide-scope requirements against means-end incoherence and intention inconsistency which does not apply to akrasia. This result offers support to a view of means-end coherence and
intention consistency I have defended elsewhere., Něco je v nepořádku s akrasií, nesoudržností mezi prostředky a záměrem
nesoulad. Toto pozorování vedlo mnoho filozofů k postulování požadavků ,,širokého rozsahu'' proti těmto kombinacím postojů. Jiní filozofové však argumentovali, že je to neopodstatněné. Tvrdí, že můžeme vysvětlit, co je na těchto kombinacích postojů špatně, apelovat pouze na věrohodná nezávislá tvrzení o důvodech jednotlivých přesvědčení a záměrů. V tomto příspěvku tvrdím, že tito filosofové mohou mít pravdu, pokud jde o akrasii, ale že se mýlí s nesoudržností mezi prostředky a nesouladem záměrů. I když je nemožné, aby byl akratický a zároveň nemá žádný specifický postoj (nebo nedostatek postoje), který byste neměli mít, je možné být nesouvislý s prostředky nebo mít nekonzistentní záměry, aniž byste měli konkrétní postoj, který byste neměli mít. Existuje tedy silná motivace k přijetí širokoúhlých požadavků proti nesouladu mezi prostředky a nesouladu záměrů, které se nevztahují na akrasii. Tento výsledek nabízí podporu pohledu na soudržnost prostředků a
důslednost úmyslu jsem se bránil jinde., and Jonathan Way
The article deals with problems of standard epistemic logics with a special at- tention to the context of scientific reasoning and to the problem of logical omniscience. The authors discuss various solutions of these problems and propose a new one based on the framework of substructural logics., Článek se zabývá problematikou standardní epistemické logiky se zvláštním zřetelem na kontext vědeckého uvažování a na problém logické vševědoucnosti. Autoři rozebírají různá řešení těchto problémů a navrhují nové řešení založené na struktuře substrukturální logiky., and Ondřej Majer ; Michal Peliš
In this paper the author provides a brief sketch of an interpretative turn in legal philosophy. In Law’s Empire, Ronald Dworkin advances a new theory of law, complex and intriguing. He calls it law as integrity. Dworkin’s conception of legal philosophy consists not in regarding its task as interpretive, for he advances the problem of what he dubbs the ''semantic sting''. The argument purports to establish the thesis that a theory of law cannot be an explanation of the meaning of the word ''law''. He claims that legal theories like H. L. A. Hart’s theory of law cannot explain the theoretical disagreement in legal practice, because they suffer from this semantic sting. The author agrees with Dworkin that Hart’s explanation of law is stung by semantics. It is his Dworkin’s main argument to deny that there is a possible alternative to his way of conceiving the task of legal philosophy. The author argues that the importance of Dworkin’s interpretative turn is not that it provides a substitute for ''semantic theories of law'', but that it provides a new conception of jurisprudence. and Marek Neština
Ponded infiltration experiment is a simple test used for in-situ determination of soil hydraulic properties, particularly saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity. It is known that infiltration process in natural soils is strongly affected by presence of macropores, soil layering, initial and experimental conditions etc. As a result, infiltration record encompasses a complex of mutually compensating effects that are difficult to separate from each other. Determination of sorptivity and saturated hydraulic conductivity from such infiltration data is complicated. In the present study we use numerical simulation to examine the impact of selected experimental conditions and soil profile properties on the ponded infiltration experiment results, specifically in terms of the hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity evaluation. The effect of following factors was considered: depth of ponding, ring insertion depth, initial soil water content, presence of preferential pathways, hydraulic conductivity anisotropy, soil layering, surface layer retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity, and presence of soil pipes or stones under the infiltration ring. Results were compared with a large database of infiltration curves measured at the experimental site Liz (Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic). Reasonably good agreement between simulated and observed infiltration curves was achieved by combining several of factors tested. Moreover, the ring insertion effect was recognized as one of the major causes of uncertainty in the determination of soil hydraulic parameters.