Cílem práce je identifikace nejvlivnějších aktérů působících v českém zdravotnickém systému a posouzení šance na úspěšné prosazení vybraných reformních opatření z pohledu podpory těchto nejvlivnějších aktérů. Autoři se domnívají, že podpora nejdůležitějších hráčů může být jednou z podmínek pro úspěšnou zdravotní reformu a přijetí odpovídající zdravotní politiky. V první části článku, představují výsledky empirické studie uskutečněné na jaře roku 2009. Autoři shromáždili na základě řízených rozhovorů a dotazníkového šetření data, která dále analyzovali. Výsledkem jejich práce bylo posouzení deseti nejvlivnějších hráčů podle jejich relativního vlivu, vyjednávacího potenciálu a broker potenciálu. V druhé části práce autoři na základě volebních programů šesti nejsilnějších politických stran vymezili 23 nejčastěji se v koncepcích opakujících navrhovaných opatření a identifikovali reakce jednotlivých aktérů k těmto opatřením. Byly nalezeny tři oblasti (opatření), které shodně podporují všichni zkoumaní aktéři a bylo identifikováno 13 opatření, která aktéři celkově podporují i když každý jinou měrou. Autoři zkoumají též míru uspokojení zájmů jednotlivých aktérů. Vymezují tak oblasti charakterizované určitou mírou konsenzu ale i oblasti charakteristické antagonistickými zájmy., The aim of the paper is to find out the most powerful groups in the Czech healthcare arena and to determine their position towards selected reform measures. Authors believe that the support of the most important players can be one of the conditions for a successful health (reform) policy implementation. In the first part of the paper, authors represent results from an empirical study effectuated during spring 2009. Managed interviews with elite representatives of selected interest groups were conducted; followed by an electronic questionnaire. Both parts of this research consisted of structured and semi-structured questions that gathered information about influence reputations, informal communications, coalitions, and other strategic behaviour. In the second part of the paper, the position of the most powerful players towards the selected reform measures is searched and the level of their satisfaction is measured., Zuzana Darmopilová, Ivan Malý, and Lit.: 19
We tested whether the known cytochrome c oxidase (COX) inhibition by nitric oxide (NO) could be quantified by VO 2 kinetics during constant load supra-Anaero bic Threshold (AT) exercises in healthy trained or untrained subjects following aerobic training or nitrate administration. In cycle er gometer constant load exercises supra-AT, identified in previous incremental tests, VO 2 kinetics describe a double exponential curve, one rapid and one appreciably slower, allowing the area between them to be calculate in O 2 l. After training, with increased NO availability, this area decreases in inverse ratio to treatment efficacy. In fact, in 11 healthy subjects after aerobic tr aining for 6-7 weeks, area was decreased on average by 51 %. In 11 untrained subjects, following the assumption of an NO donor, 20 mg isosorbide 5 mononitrate, area was decrea sed on average by 53 %. In conclusion, supra-AT VO 2 kinetics in constant load exercises permit the quantification of the inhibitory effect NO-dependent on COX after either physical training or nitrate assumption., D. Maione ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
We recorded and analysed the songs of ten male icterine warblers (Hippolais icterina) in České Budějovice (Czech Republic) to identify mimicry. Imitations represented 76.2 % of the total time of all songs and we detected 42 mimicked species. Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), blackbird (Turdus merula), common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) were the most common species imitated. Principal components analysis (PCA) detected individual variability in the species mimicked. The length of recording needed to detect 95 % of species mimicked was assessed to be 8.2 minutes.
From June to August in 2004 and 2005, we conducted the studies on spontaneous vocalization development of greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, in Zhi’an Village (Jilin province, Northeast China). In contrast to adult bats, infant bats of the greater horseshoe bat emitted calls characterized by multiharmonics and variable harmonic patterns. With the physical growth of infants, the dominant frequency, pulse duration and frequency of each harmonic of spontaneous calls increased, the number of harmonics decreased from 5–8 to 1–2 and dominant harmonic switched from first to the second with peak frequency increasing. Vocalizations of infant bats of the greater horseshoe bat could be categorized to those serving as precursors of echolocation sounds and those serving as isolation calls used to attract their mothers. According to observation on mother-infant reunion, the female adult bats only suckled their own babies, but not other pups in the same colony. And the mother recognized their own infants through both odor and vocal cues indicating that the isolation calls emitted by infant bats played an important role in mother-infant communication.
Vocalizations of the plaintive cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus) and brush cuckoo (C. variolosus) were compared. Six major sound types were identified in the plaintive cuckoo, and four in the brush cuckoo. On the basis of song similarity as assessed by sonogram qualitatively and quantitatively, the grey-bellied cuckoo (C. passerinus) was considered conspecific with C. merulinus and the rusty-breasted cuckoo C. sepulcralis was considered conspecific with C. variolosus. The song similarities between C. merulinus and C. variolosus were considered homologous and derived from common ancestry.
The paper reported vocalizations of endemic Tibetan Plateau steppe sparrow, red- necked snow finch (Pyrgilauda ruficollis) by using SAS-Lab Pro. The subject similarity contrast and multivariate contrast were used to study the complexity and stability of sounds. The results indicated that songs of P. ruficollis were highly complicated with varied song types, song phrases, song syllable and combination of them. One song syllable shared by snow finches (Montifringilla nivalis henrici, M. adamsi, P. ruficollis and P. blanfordi) was selected as indicator to compare the taxonomic relationship among them. The similarity contrast and cluster analysis through SPSS were conducted to construct the similarity tree based on this shared syllable’s acoustic parameters including the highest frequency (HF), the lowest frequency (LF), the main frequency (MPF) and duration (DUR). The results revealed that the syllable similarities are accordant with taxonomic status suggested in previous studies based on morphologic, ecological and molecular analysis methods. The syllable shared by these snow finches were presumed to be homologous and derived from a common ancestry. Further studies on songs encoding phylogenetic signal of snow finches are needed.
The Muslim population´s growth rate in Southern Africa has been pretty slow, even though they have been in this part of the African continent for more than a century. With the passage of time, they adapted to the changing socio-political and economic circumstances and saw themselves as an integral part of the populations in this region. As the Muslims were gradually becoming economically mobile, they set up various structures such as mosques and welfare organizations that would serve the interest of their communities and thus achieve their communal goals. Some of them realized the role of the media as one of the most effective instruments to assist in their cause and these groups then established newpapers and radio stations in different parts of the region. In the latter part of the 20th century a fair number of the media have emerged and contributed towards the debates that have taken and are still taking place within in Southern Africa´s civil societies.