Drawing on a wide range of sources, including informant testimonies, government and diplomatic archives and contemporary published account, the present article seeks to investigate the Ethiopian experience in international food exchange in the first half of the 20th century. Specifically, it sheds light on the primary causes of the internationalization of the country´s food market and the impact this has had on the important question of access to the valued agricultural resources at production sites. Its findings reveal how first the absence and then the slow growth of the food market within the country´s boundaries - most notably in the capital Addis Ababa - contributed to the globalization of the country´s food trade in the half century after its expansion in 1907. The paper demonstrates that the country´s experience in transnational food exchange was unprecedented and its growth and transformation was embedded in politics rather than the economics of supply and demand alone.
Data on the webs, prey spectrum, density and fecundity of Theridion impressum from three different habitats [fields of sunflower, fiddleneck (Phacelia), and apple trees] are presented and discussed. The volume of webs were found to vary between 5 (the first free instar) to 117 cm3 (subadult and adult specimens). The mean density of adult spiders per plant was 0.7 (sunflower), 1.5 (fiddleneck) and 1.2 (per apple branch). Spiders preferred to build webs in the upper part of vegetation or at the extremities of tree branches. The prey spectrum was assessed by collecting webs and identifying their contents. Prey items were primarily aphids (73%), Diptera (7.5%), acid Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (both 5.4%). Pests comprised 90% of the prey; the remaining 10% was accounted for by natural enemies, pollinators and other insects. The number of insects captured in webs differed among study habitats (sunflower > fiddleneck > apple tree) though this difference was not statistically significant. Due to greater numbers of aphids in webs on sunflower, the mean prey length was significantly smaller on sunflowers than in other plots. An index of fecundity was obtained by counting the number of eggs in eggsacs. This varied from 48 to 156 per eggsac and was not significantly different between study plots. The number of eggs was strongly correlated with numbers of prey captured per spider.
A phytosociological synthesis of weed vegetation of southern Moravia (Czech Republic) was performed using the Braun-Blanquet approach. Gradsect sampling, i.e. a priori stratified selection of sampling sites, was used for the field survey. Using this method, 115 quadrants of the Central European mapping grid (6 × 5.6 km) were chosen. Three hundred and ten relevés recorded in 1997–2002 were classified, based on the Cocktail method, which defines sociological species groups and then creates formal definitions of vegetation units. In total, nine associations of the class Stellarietea mediae were distinguished in southern Moravia. Three associations were included in the alliance Caucalidion lappulae (Lathyro-Adonidetum, Euphorbio-Melandrietum, Veronicetum hederifoliotriphylli) and three in the alliance Scleranthion annui (Aphano-Matricarietum, SperguloScleranthetum, Erophilo-Arabidopsietum). For each of the alliances Veronico-Euphorbion, Spergulo-Oxalidion and Panico-Setarion one association was distinguished, respectively, SetarioFumarietum, Panico-Chenopodietum polyspermi and Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae . Species composition of these associations is documented in a synoptic table. Their structure, ecology, and distribution are commented.
Based on the fuzzy probability distribution and its properties, the paper defines the fuzzy reliability and its characteristics for the double-stage probability model of object. Two fuzzy reliability models are described that are based on the Weibull fuzzy distribution. The results can be applied to determining the reliabililty of real objects in cases where pre-failure times are of a vague numerical type. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is suitable to process the nonlinear and non-stationary time series for filtering noise out to extract the signals. The formal errors are provided along with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) position time series, however, not being considered by the traditional EMD. In this contribution, we proposed a modified approach that called weighted Empirical Mode Decomposition (weighted EMD) to extract signals from GNSS position time series, by constructing the weight factors based on the formal errors. The position time series over the period from 2011 to 2018 of six permanent stations (SCBZ, SCJU, SCMN, HLFY, FJPT, SNXY) were analyzed by weighted EMD, as well as the traditional EMD. The results show that weighted EMD can extract more signals than traditional EMD from original GNSS position time series. Additionally, the fitting errors were reduced 14.52 %, 12.25 % and 8.06 % for North, East and Up components for weighted EMD relative to traditional EMD, respectively. Moreover, 100 simulations of four stations are further carried out to validate the performances of weighted EMD and traditional EMD. The mean Root Mean Squared Errors (RMSEs) are reduced from traditional EMD to weighted EMD with the reductions of 9.08 %, 9.63 % and 6.84 % for East, North and Up components, respectively, which highlights the necessity of considering the formal errors. Therefore, it reasonable to conclude that weighted EMD can extract the signals more than traditional EMD, which can be suggested to analyze GNSS position time series with formal errors., Xiaomeng Qiu, Fengwei Wang, Yunqi Zhou and Shijian Zhou., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Given $\alpha $, $0<\alpha <n$, and $b\in {\mathrm BMO}$, we give sufficient conditions on weights for the commutator of the fractional integral operator, $[b,I_\alpha ]$, to satisfy weighted endpoint inequalities on $\mathbb{R}^n$ and on bounded domains. These results extend our earlier work [3], where we considered unweighted inequalities on $\mathbb{R}^n$.