For a nontrivial connected graph $G$ of order $n$ and a linear ordering $s\: v_1, v_2, \ldots , v_n$ of vertices of $G$, define $d(s) = \sum _{i=1}^{n-1} d(v_i, v_{i+1})$. The traceable number $t(G)$ of a graph $G$ is $t(G) = \min \lbrace d(s)\rbrace $ and the upper traceable number $t^+(G)$ of $G$ is $t^+(G) = \max \lbrace d(s)\rbrace ,$ where the minimum and maximum are taken over all linear orderings $s$ of vertices of $G$. We study upper traceable numbers of several classes of graphs and the relationship between the traceable number and upper traceable number of a graph. All connected graphs $G$ for which $t^+(G)- t(G) = 1$ are characterized and a formula for the upper traceable number of a tree is established.
Východiska: Implementace mezinárodní klasifikace NIC v podmínkách intenzivní péče v ČR. Cíl: Identifikace intervencí NIC Klasifikačního systému, které všeobecné sestry označí jako použitelné v klinické praxi intenzivní péče minimálně jednou týdně. Metody: Kvantitativní analýza četnosti intervencí NIC. Dosáhla-li konkrétní intervence NIC 75% hranice (po sečtení v kategorii denní a týdenní péče), byla identifikována jako intervence NIC, která je použitelná minimálně jednou týdně v klinické péči prostředí intenzivní péče. 386 záznamových archů, ve kterých všeobecné sestry označovaly frekvence použití vybraných 184 intervencí Klasifikačního systému NIC. Získaná data byla získána z klinické praxe intenzivní péče u 12 poskytovatelů zdravotnických služeb v České republice (ČR). Ke statistickému porovnání získaných dat z jednotlivých klinických pracovišť byl použit Pearsonův chi kvadrát, na hladině významnosti 5 % (p ≤ 0,05). Výsledky: 46 intervencí z vybraných intervencí NIC, bylo identifikováno jako intervence, použitelné minimálně jednou týdně v klinické péči prostředí intenzivní péče ČR. U 14 intervencí NIC nebyly shledány signifikantní rozdíly v označení použitelnosti jednou týdně na pracovištích ARO a JIP interního a chirurgického typu. U 32 intervencí NIC byly shledány signifikantní rozdíly v označení použitelnosti jednou týdně v klinické praxi mezi výše uvedenými pracovišti. Použitelnost těchto intervencí NIC minimálně jednou týdně častěji označily všeobecné sestry na pracovišti ARO. Závěry: Ze 184 mapovaných intervencí Klasifikačního systému NIC bylo identifikováno 46 intervencí, které všeobecné sestry označily, jako použitelné v klinické praxi intenzivní péče minimálně jednou týdně. Tyto intervence NIC podstoupí expertní validaci., Background: Implementation of the International Classification of NIC in conditions intensive care in the Czech Republic. Aim: The aim of this enquiry was the choice of interventions NIC of the classification system, which are marked by nurses as usable minimaxy once a week in the clinical practice of intensive care. This contribution maps the posibility of the usage of chosen interventions of classification system Nursing Interventions Classification NIC, which will be used for the future implementation in the intensive care sector. The aim of this enquiry was the choice of interventions NIC of the classification system, which are marked by nurses as usable minimaxy once a week in the clinical practice of intensive care. Methods: Reaches the specific interventions NIC 75% threshold for counting records in the category of daily and weekly care has been identified as an intervention NIC, which is applicable at least once a week in clinical care intensive care environment. The quantitative analysis of 386 records with 184 interventions NIC in the clinical practice, by 12 health service proveders in the Czech Republic. Pearson‘ s chi quadrat (p≤0,05) was used for the statistic comparison of the data from the individual clinical workplaces. Results: By the quantitative analysis was confirmed 46 interventions NIC of Classification system which possible usage in clinical intensive care minimally once a week in the CR. In comparison with the data distribution at individual clinical workplaces, there were not found any significant differences in minimal weekly usage indication at 14 NIC intervention of the classification system. There were found some differences in usage marking in 32 interventions NIC classification system by nurses at some workplaces. Higher frequency of presence was recorded by Anesthesiologic Resuscitation ward nurses. Conclusions: Analysis from 184 intervention NIC confirms the possibility 46 of serviceability of classification system NIC in our country. There are interventions, which usage in clinical care workplaces Anesthesiologic Resuscitation ward, Intensive Care Unit surgery minimally once a week. These interventions NIC undergo expert validation., and Jitka Hůsková, Petra Juřeníková
Digital Watermarking (DW) based on computational intelligence (CI) is currently attracting considerable interest from the research community. This article provides an overview of the research progress in applying CI methods to the problem of DW. The scope of this review will encompass core methods of CI, including rough sets (RS), fuzzy logic (FL), artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic algorithms (GA), swarm intelligence (SI), and hybrid intelligent systems. The research contributions in each field are systematically summarized and compared to highlight promising new research directions. The findings of this review should provide useful insights into the current DW literature and be a good source for anyone who is interested in the application of CI approaches to DW systems or related fields. In addition, hybrid intelligent systems are a growing research area in CI.
The dissociation between egocentric and allocentric reference frames is well established. Spatial coding relative to oneself has been associated with a brain network distinct from spatial coding using a cognitive map independently of the actual position. These differences were, however, revealed by a variety of tasks from both static conditions, using a series of images, and dynamic conditions, using movements through space. We aimed to clarify how these paradigms correspond to each other concerning the neural correlates of the use of egocentric and allocentric reference frames. We review here studies of allocentric and egocentric judgments used in static two- and three-dimensional tasks and compare their results with the findings from spatial navigation studies. We argue that neural correlates of allocentric coding in static conditions but using complex three-dimensional scenes and involving spatial memory of participants resemble those in spatial navigation studies, while allocentric representations in two-dimensional tasks are connected with other perceptual and attentional processes. In contrast, the brain networks associated with the egocentric reference frame in static two-dimensional and three-dimensional tasks and spatial navigation tasks are, with some limitations, more similar. Our review demonstrates the heterogeneity of experimental designs focused on spatial reference frames. At the same time, it indicates similarities in brain activation during reference frame use despite this heterogeneity., Sofiia Moraresku, Kamil Vlcek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This paper formulates a unit commitment optimization problem for renewable energy sources distributed in a micro-grid formed by a complex of intelligent buildings of both office and residential characters, including a wide range of amenities. We present a general description of the solution of this task using the simulated annealing heuristic optimization technique. The experiment was processed in the specialized computer program. For comparison, Appendix A of the article describes the Lagrange multipliers optimization method as the conventional alternative to the used heuristic technique. A description of the concept of intelligent buildings is provided in Appendix B.
Cíl: Cílem práce bylo vyhledat důkazy na podporu intervence žvýkaní žvýkačky v pooperační péči u pacientů podstupujících operační výkon v břišní dutině ke snížení rizika paralytického pooperačního ileu, a to snížením času do prvního odchodu větrů a času do první stolice. Metodika: Za účelem nalezení důkazů pro použití žvýkaní žvýkačky v pooperační péči u pacientů podstupujících operační výkon v břišní dutině jako strategie na snižení rizika paralytického pooperačního ileu (snížením času do prvního odchodu větrů a času do první stolice) byl proveden přehled vybraných metaanalýz a randomizovaných kontrolovaných studií (RCT). Vyhledávání probíhalo v následujících databázích: OVID Medline®, CINAHL, and PubMed. Vyhledávání se zaměřilo na publikace v anglickém jazyce v recenzovaných časopisech v období 2002 až 2012. Z metaanalýz byl abstrahován rozdíl vážených průměrů (weighted mean difference) jako míra účinku (effect size) žvýkaní žvýkačky na čas do prvního odchodu větrů a na čas do první stolice. Z výsledků randomizovaných kontrolovaných studií bylo vypočítáno Cohenovo d (effect sizes) na určení míry účinku (effect size) žvýkání žvýkačky na čas do prvního odchodu větrů a na čas do první stolice. Na znázornění míry účinku (effect size) z RTC byly vytvořeny grafy (forest plots). Výsledky: Ke kritickému zhodnocení byly vybrány čtyři randomizované kontrolované studie a dvě metaanalýzy. Všech šest studií prokázalo statisticky významný a velmi velký až střední učinek na čas do prvního odchodu větrů a na čas do první stolice. Na základě míry ůčinků (effect sizes) byl vyvozen závěr, že žvýkaní žvýkačky v pooperačním období klinicky významně zkracuje čas do prvního odchodu větrů a čas do první stolice. Závěr: Silné důkazy podporují žvýkaní žvýkačky v pooperační péči u pacientů podstupujících operační výkon v břišní dutině, co vede ke snížení rizika paralytického pooperačního ileu, a to snížením času do prvního odchodu větrů a času do první stolice., Aim: The aim of the paper was to search for evidence that the use of gum chewing in the postoperative care of patients who had undergone abdominal surgery decreases the risk of paralytic postoperative ileus by significantly reducing the time to first flatus and time to first bowel movement. Methods: A literature review of selected meta-analyses and randomized control trials (RCT) was conducted to find the evidence that the use of gum chewing in the postoperative care of patients who had undergone abdominal surgery decreases the risk of paralytic postoperative ileus expressed as the time to first flatus and time to first bowel movement. The following databases were searched: OVID Medline®, CINAHL, and PubMed. The search focused on material published in English in peer-reviewed journals between the years 2002 and 2012. Weighted mean difference was the effect size abstracted from the meta-analyses of gum chewing on time to first flatus and time to first bowel movement. From the RCT, Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated to determine the strength of the gum chewing intervention on time to first flatus and time to first bowel movement. Forest plots were created to present the effect sizes from the RCT. Results: Four randomized controlled trials and two meta-analyses were selected and critically appraised. All six studies concluded that gum chewing has a statistically significant and very large to medium effect on time to first flatus and time to first bowel movement. Based on the effect sizes, the conclusion was drawn that chewing gum during the postoperative period leads to a clinically significant reduction in time to passage of first flatus and time to first bowel movement. Conclusion: Strong evidence supports the use of gum chewing in postoperative care of patients who have undergone abdominal surgery to reduce the risk of paralytic postoperative ileus., and Renáta Zeleníková, Anthony Chao, Gloria Enright, Mary Rogers Schubert, Kaitlin Shotsberger, Cecelia Wise, Elizabeth A. Schlenk
Aim: The aim of this paper is to develop an evidence-based clinical protocol for the use of gum chewing in postoperative care to reduce the risk of paralytic postoperative ileus in patients who have undergone abdominal surgery. Methods: A clinical question (For adult patients who have undergone abdominal surgery, does the use of gum chewing postoperatively reduce the risk of paralytic postoperative ileus in comparison with the usual care regimen?) was formulated, a population and setting were defined, and the databases OVID Medline®, CINAHL, and PubMed were searched for relevant material. Six data-based research articles were chosen for review: four randomized controlled trials and two meta-analyses. Finally, the articles were critically appraised to generate evidence on which to base the clinical protocol. Results: The development team created a detailed description of the clinical protocol as well as a protocol algorithm to assist clinicians in determining patient eligibility. In addition, protocol implementation and evaluation plans were proposed. Conclusion: An evidence-based clinical protocol was developed to provide a template for identification of patients eligible for gum chewing, implementation, and evaluation of this intervention to reduce the risk of paralytic postoperative ileus after abdominal surgery., Renáta Zeleníková, Anthony Chao, Gloria Enright, Mary Rogers Schubert, Kaitlin Shotsberger, Cecelia Wise, Elizabeth A. Schlenk, and Literatura
Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a highly polyphagous species, has since the 90's been an important pest of ornamentals and tropical crops in the Canary Islands. In this study the RAPD-PCR technique was used to study the genetic structure of this whitefly in this archipelago. A total of 68 different bands were scored in seven populations using six primers for amplification. No differences in RAPD patterns were found among populations from different islands of the Canaries. These findings indicate a very high genetic similarity among populations and low level of genetic variability and support a single colonization event by few A. dispersus whiteflies and recent dispersion throughout the archipelago.