Tradiční anatomické a klinické dělení krku podle povrchově hmatných struktur jako jsou svaly a kosti je obtížně použitelné při obvyklém radiologickém hodnocení pomocí axiálních řezů. Navíc tento způsob nezohledňuje obvyklé šíření patologických procesů v hlubokých partiích krku. Z radiologického i patofyziologického pohledu je vhodnější členit krk na prostory ohraničené průběhem tří listů hluboké krční fascie, které představují částečnou bariéru proti šíření patologických procesů. Kraniokaudální průběh těchto fascií je taktéž výhodnější k zobrazení jimi vymezených prostorů na axiálních řezech. Správným označením krčního prostoru, ze kterého patologická leze vychází, a při současných znalostech jeho fyziologického obsahu, je radiolog schopen výrazně zúžit diferenciální diagnostiku. Krční oblast bývá pro svoji komplexní anatomii výzvou nejen pro začínající radiology. Cílem sdělení je usnadnit prostorovou orientaci v tomto anatomicky náročném terénu jeho rozdělením na jednotlivé prostory podle průběhu tří listů hluboké krční fascie, popsat jejich fyziologický obsah a vzájemnou interakci při šíření patologických procesů, Traditional anatomical and clinical way of dividing neck using palpable surface structures such as muscles and bones is difficult to apply for cross-sectional imaging modalities like CT and MRI. Moreover, this method does not reflect the usual spread of pathological processes in deep regions of the neck. From a radiological and pathophysi-ological perspective, it is preferable to divide the neck using three layers of deep cervical fascia, which represent a partial barier against the spread of pathological processes. Correct labelling of the cervical space from which pathological lesion arises and knowledge of its physiological content allows the radiologist to significantly narrow down possible differential diagnosis. Neck anatomy is challenging not only for novice radiologist. The aim of this review article is to give guidance in this anatomically complex terrain by dividing neck into spaces separated by layers of deep cervical fascia, describe their physiological content and help understand the spread of pathological processes., Lukáš Mikšík, Jiří Lisý, Pavlína Polášková, Aleš Kavka, Miloslav Roček, and Literatura
There are important but inconsistent differences in breeding site preference between the blow flies Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) and L. cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) that have significance for medical and veterinary science. These inconsistencies might arise from hybridisation. The species are difficult to distinguish using external morphology, although the male genitalia are distinctive and there are reliable molecular markers. Molecular evidence of modern hybridisation, derived from a newly developed nuclear marker, the period (per) gene, is presented here. This has implications for identifications of these species based on mtDNA, and may lead to an explanation of the medical and veterinary anomalies noted in these species., Kirstin Williams, Martin H. Villet., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Recent molecular biology findings have shown that for the penetration of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus into host cells, a key role is played by protease serine 2, the activity of which is dependent on androgens. The important role of androgens is also evidenced by clinical observations that men in some age categories are infected by this novel coronavirus up to two times more frequently than women. In addition, men with androgenic alopecia tend to have more serious clinical courses, while men with androgen deprivation as a result of prostate cancer treatments tend to have milder courses. This is in line with the fact that preadolescent children are only rarely sickened with serious forms of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Even though these observations may be explained by other factors, many authors have hypothesized that lowered androgen levels and blocking their activity using anti-androgen medication may moderate the course of the viral infection in intermediately- to critically-affected cases. Clearly, it would be important for androgen deprivation to block not just gonadal androgens, but also adrenal androgens. On the other hand, low androgen levels are considered to be a risk factor for the course of SARS-CoV-2 infections, either because low androgen levels have a general effect on anaboliccatabolic equilibrium and energy metabolism, or because of the ability of testosterone to modify the immune system. It is not yet clear if infection with this novel coronavirus might induce hypogonadism, leading to undesirable side effects on male fertility.
The androgens dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione and testosterone are routinely assessed in women, and circulating levels of these androgens reflect their production. These androgens are measured in most laboratories using various immuno-analytical methods. Recently, however, androgen assays have begun to be performed using gas or liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. To better understand the difficulties and issues of androgen laboratory diagnostics, it is important to assess each of the methods used, how and why they were introduced into practice, and their advantages, limits, historic milestones and current status. It is also necessary to understand how reference ranges are determined and specifics arising from the physiology of individual androgens. Here we present a summary and discussion of these issues., M. Dušková, L. Kolátorová, L. Stárka., and Obsahuje bibliografii