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72. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Spilarctia robusta (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae) and its phylogenetic implications
- Creator:
- Sun, Yu, Tian, Sen, Qian, Cen, Sun, Yu-Xuan, Abbas, Muhammad N., Kausar, Saima, Wang, Lei, Wei, Guoqing, Zhu, Bao-Jian, and Liu, Chao-Liang
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, evoluce (biologie), motýli, evolution (biology), butterflies, Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea, Erebidae, Spilarctia robusta, phylogenetic analyses, mitogenome, gene rearrangement, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Spilarctia robusta (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae) was sequenced and analyzed. The circular mitogenome is made up of 15,447 base pairs (bp). It contains a set of 37 genes, with the gene complement and order similar to that of other lepidopterans. The 12 protein coding genes (PCGs) have a typical mitochondrial start codon (ATN codons), whereas cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene utilizes unusually the CAG codon as documented for other lepidopteran mitogenomes. Four of the 13 PCGs have incomplete termination codons, the cox1, nad4 and nad6 with a single T, but cox2 has TA. It comprises six major intergenic spacers, with the exception of the A+T-rich region, spanning at least 10 bp in the mitogenome. The nucleotide composition of the genome is greatly A+T biased (81.09%), with a negative AT skewness (-0.007), indicating the presence of fewer As than Ts, similar to other Noctuoidea. The A+T-rich region is 343 bp long, and contains some conserved regions, including an "ATAGA" motif followed by a 19 bp poly-T stretch, a microsatellite-like (AT)9 and a poly-A element, a characteristic shared with other lepidopteran mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 13 PCGs using Maximum likelihood methods revealed that S. robusta belongs to the superfamily Noctuoidea., Yu Sun, Sen Tian, Cen Qian, Yu-Xuan Sun, Muhammad N. Abbas, Saima Kausar, Lei Wang, Guoqing Wei, Bao-Jian Zhu, Chao-Liang Liu., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
73. Chilocorus renipustulatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) dominates predatory ladybird assemblages on Sorbus aucuparia (Rosales: Rosaceae)
- Creator:
- Emanuel Kula and Oldřich Nedvěd
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Coccinellidae, Chilocorus renipustulatus, scale insect, mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia, abundance, phenology, melanism, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Fourteen predatory species of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were collected from May to October 2008 from mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) infested with the scale insect Chionaspis salicis at 31 localities in the Ore Mountains, northern Bohemia, Czech Republic. Chilocorus renipustulatus, usually a rare species, made up 85% of the individuals collected (1690). Other abundant species were Coccinella septempunctata, Calvia quatuordecimguttata, Adalia bipunctata and Adalia decempunctata. The invasive alien Harmonia axyridis was present but made up less than one per cent of the individuals collected. Niche overlap between pairs of ladybird species measured in terms of the coefficient of community, Morisita's index and cluster analysis showed that microhabitat preferences were similar and hence the possibility of competition was high in two pairs of congeneric species (Chilocorus and Calvia). Larvae of Ch. renipustulatus were abundant from mid-June through August and were still present in October. and Emanuel Kula, Oldřich Nedvěd.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
74. Chromosomal location of rDNA clusters and TTAGG telomeric repeats in eight species of the spittlebug genus Philaenus (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Aphrophoridae)
- Creator:
- Maryanska-Nadachowska, Anna, Kuznetsova, Valentina G., and Karamysheva, Tatyana V.
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Philaenus, Aphrophoridae, Auchenorrhyncha, FISH, Ag-NOR, rDNA, telomeres, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A cytogenetic investigation was performed in eight species of the spittlebug genus Philaenus using silver-NOR (AgNOR)-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG)n telomeric probes. This is the first application of FISH technique in the Auchenorrhyncha, a suborder of the Hemiptera. FISH along with the rDNA probe revealed differences between species in the number and chromosomal location of major ribosomal RNA gene sites, the so-called nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). However, we found a lack of perfect correlation between the results of AgNOR-staining and rDNA-FISH in the detection of NORs. FISH with the telomeric probe confirmed that the chromosome ends of the Philaenus species are composed of the (TTAGG)n nucleotide sequence, which is a common motif of insect telomeres., Anna Maryanska-Nadachowska, Valetnina G. Kuznetsova, Tatyana V. Karamysheva., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
75. Chronic oral administraton of beta-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol affects myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression in adult mouse heart
- Creator:
- Patiyal, Som N. and Sharma, S.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Biologické vědy, fyziologie, srdce, physiology, heart, clenbuterol, myosin heavy chain isoforms, left ventricle, actomyosin ATPase, cardiac muscle contraction, 2, and 57/59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of chronic administration of the β-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol (2 mg/kg body weight/day for a period of 30 days) on the major contractile protein (myosin) in the left ventricular muscle of the adult mouse heart. Separation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms on 7.5 % glycerol SDS-PAGE and subsequent quantification of the gels by laser densitometry showed a 6.5-fold increase in the β-isoform of MHC in the clenbuterol-treated group. The α: β ratio of these two isoforms in the control group was 98.16±0.14 %: 1.83±0.14 %, whereas in the treated group it was 88.05±1.15 %: 11.95±1.15 %. Actomyosin ATPase activity assay demonstrated a significant (20 %) decline in ATPase activity of the tissue in the β-agonist-treated group. These results suggest that chronic clenbuterol treatment is capable to induced the transformation of MHC isoforms increasing the slow β-MHC isoform, which may contribute to the altered contractile mechanics of clenbuterol-treated hearts., S. N. Patiyal, S. Sharma., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
76. Climate-induced changes in the phenotypic plasticity of the Heath Fritillary, Melitaea athalia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
- Creator:
- Juhász, Edit, Végvári, Zsolt, Tóth, János P., Pecsenye, Katalin, and Zoltán Varga
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, motýli, babočkovití, morfologie (biologie), butterflies, Nymphalidae, morphology (biology), Panonská pánev, Pannonian Basin, Lepidoptera, Melitaea athalia, Procrustes anova, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Recently a large number of studies have reported an increase in the variability in the climate, which affects behavioural and physiological adaptations in a broad range of organisms. Specifically, insects may be especially sensitive to climatic fluctuations, as their physiology and life history traits, like those of other ectotherms, are predominantly affected by environmental factors. Here we aimed to investigate climate-induced changes in several morphometric measures of the Heath Fritillary in North-Eastern Hungary, which is a highly diverse transitional area. During this study we tested the following hypotheses: (i) climate affects genitalia and body size to various degrees (ii) increasing variability in climate induces higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry and variance in all morphological characters. To our knowledge, this study is the first to analyse simultaneously wing size and structure of genitalia of a butterfly in response to variability in climate. Our findings suggest that wing and genital traits may exhibit similar degrees of stability in response to a more variable climate, although the response in terms of forewing size differs from that of other body measurements and the structure of the genitalia. These findings suggest that global climate change may affect lepidopteran body metrics over longer periods of time. Our findings parallel the results of investigations showing that insect morphology might be modified by environmental changes, which is especially the case for those body parts that are phenotypically very variable. However, we found no evidence that increasing variability in climate would induce higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry and greater variability in morphological characters., Edit Juhász, Zsolt Végvári, János P. Tóth, Katalin Pecsenye, Zoltán Varga., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
77. Cloning and pattern of expression of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase cDNA from Catantops pinguis (Orthoptera: Catantopidae)
- Creator:
- Tang, Bin, Zheng, Hui-Zhen, Xu, Qi, Zou, Qi, Wang, Guang-Jun, Zhang, Fan, Wang, Shi-Gui, and Zhang, Ze-Hua
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Orthoptera, Catantopidae, Catantops pinguis, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, cloning, sequence analysis, expression pattern, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Trehalose is not only an important disaccharide, but also a key stress resistance factor in the development of many organisms, including plants, bacteria, fungi, and insects. To study the potential function of trehalose in development and behaviour, cDNA for a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase from Catantops pinguis (CpiTPS) was cloned and sequenced. Results revealed that the CpiTPS cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame of 2430 nucleotides encoding a protein of 809 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 91.13 kDa and a pI value of 6.25. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that CpiTPS mRNA expression was high in the fat body and testes, ovaries, Malpighian tubules, brain, trachea, rectum, and posterior extensor of C. pinguis. Northern blotting revealed that CpiTPS mRNA was expressed in the fat body at different developmental stages and was present at a high level in first instar larvae and adults. The results demonstrate that CpiTPS is a key gene in C. pinguis development. and Bin Tang, Hui-Zhen Zheng, Qi Xu, Qi Zou, Guang-Jun Wang, Fan Zhang, Shi-Gui Wang, Ze-Hua Zhang.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
78. Co-occurrence of host plants associated with plant quality determines performance patterns of the specialist butterfly, Battus polydamas archidamas (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini)
- Creator:
- Rios, Rodrigo S., Salgado-Luarte, Cristian, Stotz, Gisela C., and Gianoli, Ernesto
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, motýli, otakárkovití, butterflies, Papilionidae, Lepidoptera, Troidini, Battus polydamas archidamas, Aristolochia, polydamas swallowtail, larval performance on host plants, host plant-induced preference, performance mosaic, plant quality, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In herbivorous insects, differences in the degree of specialization to host plants emerge when the distribution of an herbivore differs from that of its host plants, which results in a mosaic of populations differing in performance on the different host plants. Using a specialized butterfly, Battus polydamas archidamas Boisduval, 1936, which feeds exclusively on the genus Aristolochia, we test whether host plant co-occurrence and associated differences in host quality modify local adaptation in terms of larval preference and performance. We compared individuals from a monospecific host stand of Aristolochia chilensis with those from a mixed host stand of A. chilensis and A. bridgesii. Individuals were reared in a reciprocal transfer experiment in which source population and the host species fed to larvae were fully crossed in a two-by-two factorial experiment in order to quantify their preference, performance (development time, size and growth rate) and survival. Individuals from both populations preferred the species they ate during their larval development over the other host, which indicates host plant-induced preference with non-adaptive implications. Larvae from mixed and monospecific stands grew faster and survived better when reared on A. bridgesii than A. chilensis. Larvae from a monospecific host stand grew slower and fewer individuals survived under the same local conditions, which is contrary to expectations. Therefore, rearing the butterfly on A. bridgesii consistently resulted in better performance, which indicates that the monospecific population is less well adapted to its host than the mixed population. Variation in the occurrence of the two host plants in the two populations can result in divergent selection due to the variation in plant quality, which in this case could result in opposing adaptive processes., Rodrigo S. Rios, Cristian Salgado-Luarte, Gisela C. Stotz, Ernesto Gianoli., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
79. Cohort-splitting in the millipede Polydesmus angustus (Diplopoda: Polydesmidae): No evidence for maternal effects on life-cycle duration
- Creator:
- David, Jean-François and Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Diplopoda, Polydesmus angustus, life cycle, development time, diapause, maternal effect, bet-hedging, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Under seasonal conditions, Polydesmus angustus individuals born in the first part of the breeding season have a 1-year life cycle and those born later have a 2-year life cycle (cohort-splitting). In this study, 249 juveniles from four early broods (born in mid-July) and four late broods (born in September) were reared under similar laboratory conditions, to test for possible maternal influences on life-cycle duration. Development times of early- and late-born individuals were compared under four combinations of day length and temperature (16 h - 18°C, 16 h - 16°C, 12 h - 18°C and 12 h - 16°C). The results showed that development time varied significantly in response to day length, temperature and sex, but that of individuals in the early and late broods did not differ significantly (mean development times ± SE: 180 ± 6 and 183 ± 8 days, respectively). There were no significant interactions between birth period and other factors, indicating that the effects of day length, temperature and sex on development time were similar in early- and late-born individuals. This indicates that the extended life cycle of millipedes born late in the season is not maternally determined and that cohort-splitting is controlled entirely by the environmental conditions experienced by the offspring during their development. This conclusion is supported by the absence of significant variation in offspring live weight at birth measured at different times in the breeding season. The results are discussed in relation to the bet-hedging theory, which is often put forward to account for cohort-splitting in arthropods. In P. angustus, the results are consistent with either bet-hedging or adaptive plasticity, but further studies are required to decide which interpretation is correct. and Jean-François David, Jean-Jacques Geoffroy.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
80. Cold storage affects mortality, body mass, lifespan, reproduction and flight capacity of Praon volucre (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
- Creator:
- Lins Jr, Juracy Caldeira, Bueno, Vanda Helena Paes, Sidney, Livia Alvarenga, Silva, Diego Bastos, Sampaio, Marcus Vinicius, Pereira, Janser Moura, Nomeliny, Quintiliano Siqueira Schroden, and Van Lenteren, Joop C.
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Praon volucre, biological control, storage, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The possibility of storing natural enemies at low temperatures is important for the mass production of biological control agents. We evaluated the effect of different periods of cold storage on immature mortality, mummy body mass, lifespan, reproduction and flight capacity of the parasitoid Praon volucre (Haliday). One-day-old mummies of the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) containing pre-pupae of P. volucre were stored in a climatic chamber at 5°C and 70 ± 10% RH in the dark for different periods of time (5, 10, 15 and 20 days). The control consisted of mummies kept at 22 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% RH and a 12 h photophase. Percentage adult emergence, mummy body mass, flight capacity and number of eggs in the ovarioles of P. volucre females decreased with increase in the period of storage, while the longevity of females was only slightly affected. Fat content of mummies, percentage of parasitized aphids and survival of progeny to emergence decreased with increase in the period of storage. Storage of P. volucre pre-pupae for up to 5 days at 5°C did not affect any of the above mentioned parameters. The fact that P. volucre pre-pupae can be stored for 5 days without loss of quality and for 10 days with only a slight loss facilitates the planning of mass production and shipment., Juracy Caldeira Lins, Jr. ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public