Recently, Yager in the article "On some new classes of implication operators and their role in approximate reasoning" \cite{Yager_2004} has introduced two new classes of fuzzy implications called the f-generated and g-generated implications. Along similar lines, one of us has proposed another class of fuzzy implications called the h-generated implications. In this article we discuss in detail some properties of the above mentioned classes of fuzzy implications and we describe their relationships amongst themselves and with the well established (S,N)-implications and R-implications. In the cases where they intersect the precise sub-families have been determined.
YAWA is a four stage lexical aligner that uses bilingual translation lexicons produced by [[http://www.clarin.eu/tools/translation-equivalents-extractor|TREQ]] and phrase boundaries detection to align words of a given bitext. Using this alignment, in stage 2 a language dependent module takes over and produces alignments of the remaining lexical tokens within aligned chunks. Stage 3 is specialized in aligning blocks of consecutive unaligned tokens and stage 4 deletes alignments that are likely to be wrong.
Developed in PERL, YAWA is language independent, except for the modules that realise alignments specific to the pairs of aligned languages. So far, it works just for Ro-En pair of languages. It requires a parallel corpus in [[http://www.xces.org|XCES]] format, morpho-syntactically annotated and lemmatized (using [[http://www.clarin.eu/tools/ttl-tokenizing-tagging-and-lemmatizing-free-running-texts|TTL]]), and translation dictionaries produced by [[http://www.clarin.eu/tools/translation-equivalents-extractor|TREQ]].
YAWA’s individual F-measure is 81.22%. Currently YAWA is a part of the [[http://www.clarin.eu/tools/cowal-combined-word-aligner|COWAL]] combined lexical alignment platform.
More detailed descriptions are available in [[http://www.racai.ro/~tufis/papers|the following papers]]:
-- Radu Ion (2007). Word Sense Disambiguation Methods Applied to English and Romanian. (in Romanian). PhD thesis. Romanian Academy, Bucharest
-- Dan Tufiş (2007). Exploiting Aligned Parallel Corpora in Multilingual Studies and Applications. In Toru Ishida, Susan R. Fussell, and Piek T.J.M. Vossen (eds.), Intercultural Collaboration. First International Workshop (IWIC 2007), volume 4568 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 103-117. Springer-Verlag, August 2007. ISBN 978-3-540-73999-9.
-- Dan Tufiş, Radu Ion, Alexandru Ceauşu, and Dan Ştefănescu (2006). Improved Lexical Alignment by Combining Multiple Reified Alignments. In Toru Ishida, Susan R. Fussell, and Piek T.J.M. Vossen (eds.), Proceedings of the 11th Conference EACL2006, pp. 153-160, Trento, Italy, April 2006. Association for Computational Linguistics. ISBN 1-9324-32-61-2.
Reperfusion therapies for ischaemic stroke can induce secondary injury accompanied by neuronal death. The Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1), an oncoprotein, is critical for regulating tumour cell proliferation and apoptosis. Thus, we wanted to know whether YBX1 could regulate neuronal cell apoptosis caused by cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R). We established a model of cerebral I/R-induced injury in vitro by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment and determined YBX1 expression using Western blot. Next, the effect of YBX1 on the apoptosis and viability of OGD/R-treated PC12 cells was evaluated by flow cytometry, MTT assay, and Western blot. Besides, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected to evaluate oxidative stress of PC12 cells induced by OGD/R. The regulatory roles of YBX1 in the AKT/GSK3β pathway were examined by Western blot. As a result, OGD/R treatment down-regulated YBX1 expression in PC12 cells. YBX1 over-expression attenuated the growth inhibition and apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by OGD/R. Besides, the increase of LDH release and the decrease of SOD and CAT activities caused by OGD/R were reversed by YBX1 over-expression. Moreover, YBX1 over-expression could activate the AKT/GSK3β pathway in OGD/ R-treated PC12 cells. Therefore, YBX1 could protect against OGD/R-induced injury in PC12 cells through activating the AKT/GSK3β signalling pathway, and thus YBX1 has the potential to become a therapeutic target for cerebral I/R-induced injury.
To maintain an optimum cytoplasmic K+/Na+ ratio, cells employ three distinct strategies: 1) strict discrimination among alkali metal cations at the level of influx, 2) efficient efflux of toxic cations from cells, and 3) selective sequestration ofcations in organelles. Cation efflux and influx are mediated
in cells by systems with different substrate specificities and diverse mechanisms, e.g. ATPases, symporters, antiporters, and channels. Simple eukaryotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells proved to be an excellent model for studying the transport properties and physiological function of alkali-metal-cation transporters, and the existence of mutant strains lacking their own transport systems provided an efficient tool for a molecular study of alkali-metal-cation tr
ansporters from higher eukaryotes upon their expression in yeast cells.