Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) exert beneficial effects on health and they could help to prevent development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. In our previous studies in mice fed high-fat (cHF; ~60 % calories as fat) diet and maintained at 20 °C, dietary LC n-3 PUFA could counteract accretion of body fat, without inducing mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in adipose tissue, suggesting that the anti-obesity effect was not linked to adaptive (UCP1- mediated) thermogenesis. To exclude a possible dependence of the anti-obesity effect on any mechanism inducible by cold, experiments were repeated in mice maintained at thermoneutrality (30 °C). Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either cHF diet, or cHF diet supplemented with LC n-3 PUFA, or standard diet for 7 months. Similarly as at 20 °C, the LC n-3 PUFA supplementation reduced accumulation of body fat, preserved lipid and glucose homeostasis, and induced fatty acid re-esterification in epididymal white adipose tissue. Food consumption was not affected by LC n-3 PUFA intake. Our results demonstrated anti-obesity metabolic effect of LC n-3 PUFA, independent of cold-induced thermogenesis and they suggested that induction of fatty acid re-esterification creating a substrate cycle in white fat, which results in energy expenditure, could contribute to the anti-obesity effect., P. Janovská, ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The contribution deals with the possibilities of legal protection from an undesirable phenomenon
called spam or, more precisely, spamming, pursuant to the Czech and European laws. In particular, the legal forms of protection of personal data, privacy, and personal rights are described in detail along with unfair competition and the law of obligations in tort. Attention is also paid to effective means that fall outside direct legal regulation, in particular, the technological and Community forms of protection against spam and other issues relating to this phenomenon. The author thoroughly deals not only with the terminological problems but also, for example, with the issue of identification and proving of related legal facts, including the issue of governing law.
Associative memory (AM) is a very important part of the theory of neural networks. Although the Hebbian learning rule is always used to model the associative memory, it easily leads to spurious state because of the linear outer product method. In this work, nonlinear function constitution and dynamic synapses, against a spurious state for associative memory neural network are proposed. The model of the dynamic connection weight and the updating scheme of the states of neurons are presented. Nonlinear function constitution improves the conventional Hebbian learning rule to be a nonlinear outer product method. The simulation results show that both nonlinear function constitution and dynamic synapses can effectively enlarge the attractive basin. Comparing to the existing memory models, associative memory of neural network with nonlinear function constitution can both enlarge the attractive basin and increase the storage capacity. Owing to dynamic synapses, the attractive basin of the stored patterns is further enlarged, at the same time the attractive basin of the spurious state is diminished. But the storage capacity is decreased by using the dynamic synapses.
Anti-suit injunctions are rather unknown in the civil law legal system of the Czech Repbulic. The policy reasons for the rejection of anti-suit injunctions in the Czech Republic are rooted in the constitutional right of every person to assert, through the legally prescribed procedure, their rights before an independent and impartial court or, in specified cases, before another body. In other words, every person may commence proceedings before a competent court, or respectively before any court or another body (e.g. like an arbitral tribunal, etc.), which is then exclusively empowered to rule on its jurisdiction. Therefore, there is also no distinction between anti-suit injunctions in domestic and international litigation. Czech law does not have any alternative procedural or substantive devices that may have similar functions as anti-suit injunctions related to arbitration. It means that it is not possible to obtain a court order against a respondent prohibiting the respondent from commencing or continuing court proceedings in another forum in violation of an arbitration agreement., Alexander J. Bělohlávek., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) plays a central role in the inflammatory process. In the skin, it contributes to immune containment of tick-transmitted pathogens like Borrelia burgdorferi. In the saliva of some tick species, active compounds are present that inhibit detection of TNF in specific ELISA. We compared the presence of anti-TNF activity in saliva or salivary gland extract from 11 tick species from the family Ixodidae and demonstrated it in genera Ixodes Latreille, 1795 and Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844. Analysis of anti-TNF activity in Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) saliva during the feeding period showed that it is present in the late, rapid phase of engorgement. Significance of anti-TNF activity for tick feeding and transmission of tick-borne pathogens is discussed., Markéta Rezková, Jan Kopecký., and Obsahuje bibliografii