The ability to modulate photosynthesis is essential for plants to adapt to fluctuating growing conditions. Populus species show high tolerance to various and highly variable environments. To understand their response strategies against fluctuating environments, this study investigated the morphological and physiological differences of white poplar (Populus alba) leaves when grown in a phytotron, glasshouse, and field. Our results show that the palisade cells were elongated in the field, which would enhance intercellular CO2 exchange. Photosynthetic capacity was the highest in the field leaves, as shown by higher electron transport rates (1.8 to 6.5 times) and carbon assimilation rates (2.7 to 4.2 times). The decrease of PSI acceptor-side limitation and increase of PSI donor-side limitation suggests changes in PSI redox status may contribute to photoprotection. This plasticity of white poplar allows adjusting its structure and photosynthesis under fluctuating conditions, which may partly enable its outstanding tolerance against environmental changes.
Global climate change may act as a potent agent of natural selection within species with Mediterranean mountain ecosystems being particularly vulnerable. The aim of this research was to analyze whether the phenotypic plasticity of Sesleria nitida Ten. could be indicative of its future adaptive capability to global warming. Morphological, anatomical, and physiological leaf traits of two populations of S. nitida growing at different altitudes on Mount Terminillo (Italy) were analyzed. The results showed that leaf mass per unit leaf area, leaf tissue density, and total leaf thickness were 19, 3, and 31% higher in leaves from the population growing at 1,895 m a.s.l. (B site) than in leaves from the population growing at 1,100 m a.s.l. (A site), respectively. Net photosynthetic rate (PN) and respiration rate (RD) peaked in June in both A and B leaves [9.4 +- 1.3 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1 and 2.9 +- 0.9 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1, respectively] when mean air temperature was 16 +- 2°C. R D/P N was higher in B than in A leaves (0.35 +- 0.07 and 0.21 +- 0.03, respectively, mean of the study period). The mean plasticity index (PI = 0.24, mean of morphological, anatomical, and physiological leaf traits) reflected S. nitida adaptability to the environmental stress conditions at different altitudes on Mount Terminillo. Moreover, the leaf key traits of the two populations can be used to monitor wild populations over a long term in response to global change., L. Gratani, M. F. Crescente, V. D’Amato, C. Ricotta, A. R. Frattaroli, G. Puglielli., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Tropical canopy tree species can be classified into two types by their heterobaric and homobaric leaves. We studied the relation between both leaf types and their water use, together with the morphological characteristics of leaves and xylem, in 23 canopy species in a tropical rain forest. The maximum rates of photosynthesis and transpiration were significantly higher in heterobaric leaf species, which also underwent larger diurnal variations of leaf water potential compared to homobaric leaf species. The vessel diameter was significantly larger and the stomatal pore index (SPI) was significantly higher in heterobaric than that in homobaric leaf species. There was a significant positive correlation between the vessel diameter, SPI, and maximum transpiration rates in all the studied species of both leaf types. However, there was no significant difference in other properties, such as leaf water-use efficiency, leaf mass per area, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf δ13C between heterobaric and homobaric leaf species. Our results indicate that leaf and xylem morphological differences between heterobaric and homobaric leaf species are closely related to leaf water-use characteristics, even in the same habitat: heterobaric leaf species achieved a high carbon gain with large water use under strong light conditions, whereas homobaric leaf species can maintain a high leaf water potential even at midday as a result of low water use in the canopy environment., Y. Inoue, T. Kenzo, A. Tanaka-Oda, A. Yoneyama, T. Ichie., and Obsahuje bibliografii
A cyanobacterium containing phycobiliproteins with far-red acclimation was isolated from Pozas Rojas, Cuatro Ciénegas, México. It was named Leptolyngbya CCM 4 after phylogenetic analysis and a description of its morphological characteristics. Leptolyngbya was grown in far-red light. Sucrose-gradient analysis of the pigments revealed two different colored bands of phycobiliproteins. A band at 60% sucrose was a phycocyanin containing phycobilisome; at 35% sucrose, a new type of phycobiliprotein absorbed at 710 nm. SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of two types of core-membrane linkers. Analysis of the hydrophobic pigments extracted from the thylakoid membranes revealed Chl a, d, and f. The ratio of Chl f/a was reversibly changed from 1:12-16 under far-red light to an undetectable concentration of Chl f under white light. Cuatro Ciénegas, a place surrounded by the desert, is a new ecosystem where a cyanobacterium, which grows in farred light, was discovered., C. Gómez-Lojero, L. E. Leyva-Castillo, P. Herrera-Salgado,
J. Barrera-Rojas, E. Ríos-Castro, E. B. Gutiérrez-Cirlos., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The impact of a heterogeneous distribution of actinic light within a leaf chamber for photosynthetic measurements by gas exchange on the photosynthesis-irradiance relationship was investigated. High-resolution light distributions were measured over the area of a commercially available clamp-on leaf chamber equipped with build-in red and blue LEDs, as well as over the area of a custom-made leaf chamber with external light source, using a low-cost digital camera and freely available software. The impact of the measured heterogeneity on the photosynthesis-irradiance response curve was calculated for two realistic scenarios. When the average light intensity over the leaf chamber area was estimated accurately, heterogeneity had minor effects on the photosynthesis-irradiance response curve. However, when the irradiance was measured in the chamber centre, which is common practice, and assumed to be homogeneous, for both leaf chambers the photosynthesis-irradiance response curve was subject to considerable error and led to serious underestimation of the light-limited quantum yield of photosynthesis. Additionally, mixed light sources with different heterogeneity patterns per light source, such as in the clamp-on leaf chamber, potentially increase errors due to heterogeneous physiological responses to light spectrum. High-resolution quantification of the leaf-chamber light distribution enables calculation of the correct average light intensity and already resolves the most pressing problems associated with heterogeneity. To exclude any light-distribution related errors in
gas-exchange measurements a leaf chamber and actinic irradiance source design with a homogeneous light distribution is an absolute requirement. and S. W. Hogewoning ...[et al.].
We aimed to find out relations among nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), gross photosynthetic rate (PG), and photoinhibition during photosynthetic light induction in three woody species (one pioneer tree and two understory shrubs) and four ferns adapted to different light regimes. Pot-grown plants received 100% and/or 10% sunlight according to their light-adaptation capabilities. After at least four months of light acclimation, CO2 exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured simultaneously in the laboratory. We found that during light induction the formation and relaxation of the transient NPQ was closely related to light intensity, light-adaption capability of species, and PG. NPQ with all treatments increased rapidly within the first 1-2 min of the light induction. Thereafter, only species with high PG and electron transport rate (ETR), i.e., one pioneer tree and one mild shade-adapted fern, showed NPQ relaxing rapidly to a low steady-state level within 6-8 min under PPFD of 100 μmol(photon) m-2 s-1 and ambient CO2 concentration. Leaves with low PG and ETR, regardless of species characteristics or inhibition by low CO2 concentration, showed slow or none NPQ relaxation up to 20 min after the start of low light induction. In contrast, NPQ increased slowly to a steady state (one pioneer tree) or it did not reach the steady state (the others) from 2 to 30 min under PPFD of 2,000 μmol m-2 s-1. Under high excess of light energy, species adapted to or plants acclimated to high light exhibited high NPQ at the initial 1 or 2 min, and showed low photoinhibition after 30 min of light induction. The value of fastest-developing NPQ can be quickly and easily obtained and might be useful for physiological studies., S.-L. Wong, M.-Y. Huang, C.-W. Chen, J.-H. Weng., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Total in vitro activity of RuBPCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) enzyme was assayed spectrophotometrically by the continuous measurement of 3-phosphoglycerate-dependent NADH oxidation in a coupled enzyme system. RuBPCO activities were found in the ranges 1.01-2.76 and 1.23-3.10 µmol(CO2) m-2 s- 1 in current Norway spruce needles growing in ambient (AC) and elevated (EC) CO2 concentration, respectively. RuBPCO activity in AC needles from the upper layer (U) was 11-15 % higher compared to those from the middle (M) layer, and even 44-56 % higher compared to the lower (L) layer of spruce crown. Over the vegetation season, we observed a highly significant decrease of RuBPCO activity in the EC-U needles from 3.10 (July) to 1.60 (October) µmol(CO2) m-2 s-1 as a consequence of downward feedback regulation. Moreover, this down-regulation was not caused by a non-specific decrease in total leaf nitrogen content. and M. Hrstka, O. Urban, M. V. Marek.
Leaf senescence is always associated with decline in photosynthesis, consequently a loss of cellular sugar. On the other hand, execution of senescence program needs energy and leaves, therefore, tend to collect sugars from other sources to sustain energy homeostasis. This sugar reprogramming induced by loss of sugar involves operation of a complex catabolic network. The exact molecular mechanism of induction and regulation of the network, however, is not fully resolved but the current literature available suggests sugar starvation as a signal for induction of several senescence-associated genes including the genes coding for the enzymes for degradation of cellular constituents and their conversion to respiratory sugars. The late expression of genes coding for the cell wall hydrolases and enhancement in the activity of these enzymes late during senescence are indicative of the cell wall polysaccharides as the last source of sugars to sustain energy homeostasis for execution of the senescence program., B. Biswal, J. K. Pandey., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The inhibition of photorespiration can be used to improve plant carbon fixation. In order to compare the effects of three photorespiration inhibitors [glycine, NaHSO3, and isonicotinyl hydrazide (INH)], photosynthetic parameters of leaves sprayed respectively with these chemicals were examined and their inhibiting efficiency was evaluated in Caragana korshinskii. Our results showed that 5 mM glycine could reduce the photorespiratory rate (PR) effectively, while the net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) significantly increased. The ratio of electron flow for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation to RuBP oxygenation was elevated markedly. NaHSO3 and INH could also suppress the PR in some cases, whereas PN was not improved. The glyoxylate content increased considerably after application of low concentrations of glycine. These results suggested that low concentrations of glycine could suppress photorespiration by
feed-back inhibition of glyoxylate and enhance photosynthesis by regulating gs, Ci, and the distribution of electron flow in C. korshinskii., T. Kang, H. D. Wu, B. Y. Lu, X. J. Luo, C. M. Gong, J. Bai., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The contribution of photosynthesis to yield improvement is important to know in order to determine future breeding strategies. The objectives of this study were to determine the contribution of photosynthesis and water-use efficiency (WUE) to grain yield improvement of facultative wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars on the Loess Plateau of China released between 1937 and 2004. The grain yield has increased nearly sevenfold during this period. Surprisingly, these increases were not correlated with the rate of photosynthesis per unit of leaf area when the cultivars were planted and managed in the same environment. The increases were also not correlated with transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, or WUE, except at the jointing stage. The total increase in photosynthesis may be due to enlargement of photosynthetic area and photosynthesis duration. The grain yield was positively correlated with the number of grains per unit of area (r = 0.855, P<0.05), harvest index (HI) (r = 0.885, P<0.01), and thousand-grain mass (r = 0.879, P<0.01). The increase in grain yield was limited by the grain number and the grain size (sink-limited) and the yield improvement was attributed to a rise in HI over the last 70 years in a highland agricultural system in China., X. Chen, M. -D. Hao., and Obsahuje seznam literatury