Among the most extended ecosystems of the temperate zone, the seminatural, dry grasslands constitute a substantial proportion in the Carpathian Basin. The aim of our present study was to investigate the short-term effect of extensive fertilization on the species composition and CO2 exchange of loess grassland at community level. The in situ investigation of the latter parameter have not been yet carried out in Pannonian loess grasslands. Most of the parameters studied showed a considerable interannual variation both in the fertilized and in the control stands. As a result of the treatment, the average species number of the fertilized stand decreased by 22%, which was more significant in the autumn (26%) than in the spring. Diversity values, including Shannon index and species richness, increased by nearly 1.5 times in the year with adequate rainfall compared with the initial values. In general, species richness and the ratio of dicots decreased, while the ratio of therophytes, alien competitors, and C4 plants increased with the addition of fertilizers. Significant carbon sequestration potential was only detected during wet periods in the fertilized grass. The rate of CO2 uptake was found to be nearly five times higher in the fertilized stand and nearly three times higher in the control stand during the wet year compared with the previous, extremely dry year. The CO2 uptake potential of the fertilized grassland exceeded that of the control stand by 12% in the year with high rainfall, while the rate of CO2 exchange dropped by 50% in the dry year in the fertilized stand. Our study reinforced the idea that the decline in species richness was not necessarily followed by the reduction of stand level carbon uptake in a short period due to an insignificant change in ecophysiological functional groups. and S. Z. Czóbel ... [et al.].
Dust deposition on leaf surfaces can impact the growth and physiological traits of plants. We carried out a field experiment to investigate short-term effects of light surface dust on photosynthesis of cotton in the Tarim Basin using chlorophyll fluorescence and gas-exchange techniques. JIP-test analysis of OJIP curves showed that the total performance index for leaves without dust decreased by 32% at noon compared to the morning value. High irradiance at noon reduced actual quantum yield of PSII and increased nonphotochemical quenching for leaves without dust, showing photoinhibition. It suggested that light surface dust alleviated photoinhibition of cotton to high irradiance on a short-term basis. For the leaves without dust, high irradiance induced photoinhibition not only with respect to the photochemistry reactions but the biochemical pathways of CO2 fixation. Mechanisms such as thermal dissipation and enhanced electron flux to PSI protected the photosynthetic apparatus under high irradiance., L. Li, G. Mu., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Primary leaves of young plants of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Carioca and Negro Huasteco) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp cv. Epace 10) were exposed to high irradiance (HI) of 2 000 µmol m-2 s-1 for 10, 20, and 30 min. The initial fluorescence (F0) was nearly constant in response to HI in each genotype except for Carioca. A distinct reduction of maximum fluorescence (Fm) was clearly observed in stressed genotypes of beans after 20 min followed by a slight recovery for the longer stress times. In common bean, the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) was reduced slowly from 10 to 30 min of HI. In cowpea, only a slight reduction of Fv/Fm was observed at 20 min followed by recovery to normal values at 30 min. HI resulted in changes in the photochemical (qP) and non-photochemical (qN) quenching in both species, but to a different extent. In cowpea plants, more efficiency in the use of the absorbed energy under photoinhibitory conditions was related to increase in qP and decrease in qN. In addition, lipid peroxidation changed significantly in common bean genotypes with an evident increase after 20 min of HI. Hence the photosynthetic apparatus of cowpea was more tolerant to HI than that of common bean and the integrity of cowpea cell membranes was apparently maintained under HI. and L. C. S. Ferreira ... [et al.].
Cuttings of Populus cathayana were exposed to three different alkaline regimes (0, 75, and 150 mM Na2CO3) in a semicontrolled environment. The net photosynthesis rate (PN), mesophyll conductance (gm), the relative limitations posed by stomatal conductance (Ls) and by mesophyll conductance (Lm), photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE), carbon isotope composition (δ13C), as well as specific leaf area (SLA) were measured. PN decreased due to alkaline stress by an average of 25% and gm decreased by an average of 57%. Alkaline stress caused an increase of Lm but not Ls, with average Ls of 26%, and Lm average of 38% under stress conditions. Our results suggested reduced assimilation rate under alkaline stress through decreased mesophyll conductance in P. cathayana. Moreover, alkaline stress increased significantly δ13C and it drew down CO2 concentration from the substomatal cavities to the sites of carboxylation (Ci-Cc), but decreased PNUE. Furthermore, a relationship was found between PNUE and Ci-Cc. Meanwhile, no correlation was found between δ13C and Ci/Ca, but a strong correlation was proved between δ13C and Cc/Ca, indicating that mesophyll conductance was also influencing the 13C/12C ratio of leaf under alkaline stress. and G. Xu ... [et al.].
Adjustment in leaf area : mass ratio called leaf area ratio (LAR) is one of the strategies to optimize photon harvesting. LAR was recorded for 10 genotypes of Hevea brasiliensis under high irradiance and low temperature and the genotypes were categorized into two groups, i.e. high LAR and low LAR types. Simultaneously, the growth during summer as well as winter periods, photosynthetic characteristics, and in-vitro oxidative damage were studied. Low LAR (19.86±0.52 m2 kg-1) types, recorded an average of 18.0 % chlorophyll (Chl) degradation under high irradiance and 7.1 % Chl degradation under low temperature. These genotypes maintained significantly higher net photosynthetic rate (PN) of 10.4 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1 during winter season. On the contrary, the high LAR (24.33±0.27 m2 kg-1) types recorded significantly lower PN of 4 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1 and greater Chl degradation of 37.7 and 13.9 % under high irradiance and low temperature stress, respectively. Thus LAR may be one of the physiological traits, which are possibly involved in plant acclimation process under both stresses studied. and D. Ray, S. K. Dey, G. Gas.
Silicon is known to improve resistance against salinity stress in maize crop. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of silicon application on growth and salt resistance in maize. Seeds of two maize genotypes (salt-sensitive ‘EV 1089’ and salt-tolerant ‘Syngenta 8441’) were grown in pots containing 0 and 2 mM Si with and without 50 mM NaCl. After detailed investigation of ion concentrations in different maize organs, both genotypes were further selected in hydroponic experiment on basis of their contrasting response to salinity stress. In the second experiment, pre-germinated seedlings were transplanted into nutrient solution with 0 and 60 mM NaCl with and without 2 mM Si. Both genotypes differed significantly in their response to salinity. Silicon addition alleviated both osmotic and oxidative stress in maize crop by improving the performance of defensive machinery under salinity stress. Silicon application also improved the water-use efficiency in both tested genotypes under both normal and salinity stress conditions. In conclusion, this study implies that the silicon-treated maize plants had better chance to survive under salinity conditions and their photosynthetic and biochemical apparatus was working far better than that of silicon-non-treated plants., W. U. D. Khan, T. Aziz, M. A. Maqsood, M. Farooq, Y. Abdullah, P. M. A. Ramzani, H. M. Bilal., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Ozone is the major phytotoxic air pollutant that reduces the yield of several agricultural crops in the Spanish Mediterranean area. We studied four lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) for the effects of different O3 concentrations during the winter on chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence, lipid peroxidation, and root length in outdoor open-top chambers. Under O3 the photosynthetic quantum conversion declined while heat emissions increased in all cultivars; these results provide more evidence of non-filtered air with additional ozone (NFA+O3) treatment compared with non-filtered air (NFA) and charcoal filtered ozone-free air (CFA). Changes in the Chl a fluorescence may be associated with an increase in membrane lipid peroxidation as well as with observed reduction of root length under O3 stress. and A. Calatayud, J. W. Alvarado, E. Barreno.
We compared the responses of sun and shade acclimated saplings of Picea abies and Pinus cembra to excess photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) equivalently exceeding the level for saturating net photosynthetic rate (PN). Exposure for 2 h up to 2000 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1 did not affect radiant energy saturated PN. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis was indicated by a small (10 %) reduction of the potential efficiency of photosystem 2 as derived from measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence (FV/FM). However, the extent of FV/FM reduction and half-time for recovery were similar in sun and shade acclimated saplings of both species. Furthermore, the effect on FV/FM was not stronger when the plants were exposed to excess PPFD at 5 °C instead of 15 °C. Frost-hardening of plants increased slightly their resistance to excess PPFD. Establishment of these conifer saplings usually acclimated to shade in their natural habitat may hardly be endangered by a sudden increase of PPFD, e.g., by gap formation. and R. Gamper, S. Mayr, H. Bauer.